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Journal of Clinical Medicine Research

Original Article

Volume 10, Number 2, February 2018, pages 106-116

Pattern of Thyroid Lesions in Western Region of Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Analysis and Literature Review

The normal function of thyroid gland is essential to maintain the routine physiological activities of most organs in the human body [1]. Thyroid enlargement has been a common problem and frequently referred to the ultrasound (US)-guided radiological examinations in general clinical practice [2]. Thyroid is an endocrine gland, and its involvement has diverse functions and concerns; the major concern with thyroid lesion is the possibility of malignancy and other minor concerns are related to cosmetics and appearances. Thyroid lesions are not only a sign of the expression of a single disease but are the clinical manifestation of a wide range of different diseases [3]. Goitrous thyroid lesion is postulated as a precursor lesion to thyroid carcinoma, because in many parts of the world, endemic goiter is a major concern [4]. It is also well understood that the occurrence of thyroid lesions will increase with iodine deficiency [5]. Other common complications of thyroid are Graves’ disease, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, adenoma, thyroid carcinoma, hypothyroidism, and hyperthyroidism, which are the prevalent types of thyroid disorders [6, 7]. Several previous studies have reported that the prevalence of goiter varies according to the geographical region, age, and sex [4, 6-8]. The incidence of thyroid lesion increases with age, after radiation exposure, and women are 10 times more likely than men to have thyroid problems. According to the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE), about 3 million people, or 4.78% of the population in USA, have undiagnosed thyroid dysfunction and according to American Thyroid Association (ATA), one in eight women will develop thyroid problems during her life time [9, 10].

Based on the clinical examination and non-invasive investigations, the thyroid lesions were classified into the solitary nodule, multinodular, and diffuse goiter [11, 12]. Different reports have shown varied prevalence of thyroid lesions. In one study, palpable nodules were identified in 21% cases [13], one study suggested a prevalence of 2-6% with palpation and 19-35% with ultrasound [14], and another report showed that about 12% of the cases have a palpable goiter [15]. Subsequently, characterization of the goiters based on intraoperative findings, immune-histopathological examination, and molecular genetic testing reveals malignant changes; as such, almost it is impossible to discover the thyroid malignancies preoperatively. Thyroid cancer accounts for only 1% of all malignancies [12, 16, 17]; however, thyroid cancer accounts for 87% of all endocrine gland tumors [18]. Among the thyroid malignancies, papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common type which accounts for 85% of thyroid malignancies [19]. Increased incidence of thyroid cancer has been reported in the last 30 years; however, it is considered as a rare disease [12, 19].

Thyroid gland disorders are the most common endocrine abnormalities in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) as well as in the Middle East region [20-27]. In KSA, thyroid cancer accounted for about 11% of all newly diagnosed cancers in 2008 in females, and this was responsible for 6.1% of all newly diagnosed cancers in the year 2004 [25, 28]. Hussain et al [25] have reported that a total of 2,292 patients with thyroid cancer were treated at KFSH&RC, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, from 2000 to 2010. However, in most countries, thyroid cancer accounts for approximately 1-5% of all cancers in females [29]. This cancer was ranked the second most common cancer among females, and 13th among males in Saudi Arabia [25, 28]. Saudi Arabia is a developed country in the Middle Eastern region, so the resources in the health sector are not limited [30]. However, the lack of knowledge and cultural barriers affect health awareness of the people [31]. Neck examination by US and US-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is the primary option to investigate the cases of suspicious thyroid swelling [32-34], and most of the specialist centers in the kingdom have well-trained radiologists as well as well-equipped radiology departments [35, 36]. The present study aimed to find out the pattern of thyroid lesions by the US and histopathological examinations in the Western region of Saudi Arabia.

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) for bioethics committee of Al-Noor Specialist Hospital, Mecca, KSA. A total of 173 registered cases (between January 2008 and December 2011), at the Radiology Department of Al-Noor Specialist Hospital, Mecca, were used for analysis in this study. Patients presenting with thyroid swelling referred to radiology department by the outpatient and in-patient’s departments of the hospital were included in this study. The diagnosis was made following the US-guided FNAC and histopathological diagnosis was confirmed using The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) in all the cases [37]. Clinicopathological and demographic data of all such patients were obtained and analyzed for the present study. For statistical analysis, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 was used. The quantitative variables like age and the qualitative variables like histopathological diagnosis were presented.

One hundred and seventy-three patients with thyroid swelling were included in the analysis of the present study. Table 1 shows the distribution of patients according to their sex and age groups in this study population. In the current study, 87.3% of patients (n = 151) were female, and 12.7% were male (n = 22). The mean age of the patients was 43.35 years, and the minimum and maximum ages were 12 and 101 years, respectively. There was no significant difference between age groups (P = 0.128). However, more patients were in age groups of 31 - 40 years (23.1%) and 28.9% were in the age group of 41 - 50 years. Fewer patients were in the age groups of less than 20 years and above 50 years, respectively. Nine females and one male were in the age group of less than 20 years, and a total of eight males and 38 females were in the age group of above 50 years. In the age groups of 21 - 30, 31 - 40, and 41 - 50 years, there were only four, three, and six male patients, respectively. Whereas, the females in these age groups were 23, 37, and 44, respectively. More male and female patients were in the age group of 41 - 50 years. Distribution of patients according to their nationalities is shown in Table 2. Of the patients, 86.4% were Saudi nationals, around 4% were Pakistanis, and around 3.3% were Yemenis, followed by Syrians (2.7%) and then Egyptians (2%); rests were other nationals like Palestinians, Indonesians, Filipino, Bangladeshis, and from Myanmar. In the male category among all nationals, 86.4% were from Saudi Arabia, and in the females, 84.1% were Saudis. There were no male cases in nationals from Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Yamen, Indonesian, Philippines, Bangladesh, and Myanmar.

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Table 1. Distribution of Thyroid Lesions According to Gender and Age of the Patients

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Table 2. Distribution of Patients According to Their Nationalities and Gender

Distribution of thyroid lesions according to their location in different age groups and different sexes is shown in Table 3. In the age category of < 20 years, a total of four patients had lesions on right thyroid lobe, three patients had lesions on left thyroid, and three patients on both sides. In the age category of 21 - 30 years, a total of 18 patients had lesions on right thyroid lobe, two patients had lesions on left thyroid, and seven patients on both sides. In the age category of 31 - 40 years, a total of 15 patients had lesions on right thyroid lobe, 11 patients had lesions on left thyroid, and 12 patients on both sides, one patient on isthmus, and one patient had a diffuse nodule. In the age category of 41 - 50 years, a total of 18 patients had lesions on right thyroid lobe, eight patients had lesions on left thyroid, and 22 patients on both sides, one patient on isthmus, and one patient had a lymph node only. In the age category of 51 - 60 years, a total of eight patients had lesions on right thyroid lobe, six patients had lesions on left thyroid, and 12 patients on both sides. In the age category of > 60 years, a total of nine patients had lesions on right thyroid lobe, three patients had lesions on left thyroid, and eight patients on both sides. Overall, the distributions of lesions in all age groups were 41.6% on right side, 19.1% on left side, 37% on both sides, 1.2% on isthmus, 0.6% with diffuse lesions, and 0.6% with lymph node only.

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Table 3. Distribution of Thyroid Lesions According to Age Groups and Location

Benign nodule distribution in different age groups is shown in Table 4. In the age category of < 20 years, one adenomatous lesion, seven colloid lesions, and two lymphocytic lesions were present. In the age category of 21 - 30 years, two adenomatous lesions, 15 colloid lesions, and five lymphocytic lesions were present. In the age category of 31 - 40 years, six adenomatous lesions, 30 colloid lesions, and three lymphocytic lesions were present. In the age category of 41-50 years, two adenomatous lesions, 38 colloid lesions, and five lymphocytic lesions were present. In the age category of 51 - 60 years, three adenomatous lesions, 18 colloid lesions, and three lymphocytic lesions were present. In the age category of > 60 years, two adenomatous lesions and 16 colloid lesions were present. Overall, the distributions of benign lesions in all age groups were 9.3% adenomatous, 71.1% colloid, and 10.4% lymphocytic, and 8.1% were not benign including malignance. In Table 5, the final diagnosis of thyroid lesions after histopathological examinations is shown. Out of the total 173 cases, the benign lesions in male category were 20 cases (12.6%), and in female were 139 cases (87.4%). Only one case in male was malignant, and seven cases were malignant in the female group. Eighty percent of males and 77.7% females had colloid nodules, and 15% of males and 9.3% of females had adenomatous nodules. Four cases were non-diagnostic, and one case was atypia in females, and one case was suspicious of malignancy in a male.

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Table 4. Distribution of Benign Nodules According to Age Groups of Patients

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Table 5. Spectrum of Thyroid Diseases in Different Sexes by Final Diagnosis

Final diagnosis in distribution in different age groups and sexes is shown in Table 6. In the age category of < 20 years, one male and nine females had benign. In age category of 21 - 30 years, two males and 20 females had benign lesions, one male and three females had malignant lesions, and one male was diagnosed with suspicious of malignancy (SOM). In age category of 31 - 40 years, three male and 36 female cases were benign, and one female case was malignant. In age category of 41 - 50 years, six male cases and 39 female cases were benign, two female cases were malignant, and three female cases were non-diagnostic. In age category of 51 - 60 years, four male and 21 female cases were benign, and one female case was non-diagnostic. In age category of > 60 years, four male cases and 14 female cases were benign, one female case was malignant, and one female was with atypia.

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Table 6. Distribution of Thyroid Lesions According to Age Groups in Different Sexes

Figure 1 shows the characteristics of thyroid lesions found by the US, such as number of nodules, size, shape, consistency of the nodules, margins, US echogenicity, blood flow, FNA status, calcification and lymph node enlargement. Solitary nodules and multinodular lesions were almost equal and very few cases had diffuse nodules. In terms of nodule sizes, most of the cases had 1 - 3 cm of nodules, the second largest group had 3 - 5 cm of nodules, and very few cases had > 1 cm, and < 5 cm sizes of nodules. Majority of cases had oval shape of nodules, second largest group of cases had an irregular shape of nodules, and a third largest group had round shape of nodules. Most of the cases had solid nodules, second largest group had mixed nodules, and spongiform, and cystic nodule cases were in the third category. Majority of cases had lesions with well-defined shaped margins, the next group had partially defined margins, and the ill-defined margin cases were rare (Fig. 1a). Most of the thyroid lesions had heterogenic echogenicity, and hyperechoic and hypoechoic cases were almost the same. Most of the cases had peri-nodular blood flow, second largest group had no blood flow, and very few cases had intra-nodular blood flow. Majority of cases had lesions on right thyroid, and the second largest group of cases had left thyroid lesions. Most of the cases had no calcification, and a small proportion of cases had calcification of nodules. No lymph node enlargement was found in most of cases (Fig. 1b).

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Figure 1. Characteristics of thyroid lesions found by ultrasonography. Panel (a) showing (1) number of nodules, (2) size of the nodules, (3) shape of the nodules, (4) consistency of the nodules, and (5) margins of the nodules. Panel (b) showing (6) US echogenicity of the nodules, (7) blood flow to the nodules, (8) site of the FNA done, (9) calcification of the nodules, and (10) lymph node enlargement in the nodules.

Ultrasound features of the various types of thyroid lesions found in this study were shown in Figures 2, 3 and 4. Figure 2a shows a representative case of the adenomatous thyroid lesion; the left lobe of a thyroid shows solid isoechoic lesion with mildly heterogeneous internal echoes and thin peripheral halo. Figure 2b shows a representative case of the Hashimoto thyroiditis; the thyroid gland shows heterogeneous echo texture with a presence of multiple hypoechoic micro-nodules (1 - 6 mm) surrounded by echogenic septations. Hashimoto thyroiditis (chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis) indicates multiple tiny hypoechoic nodular lesions (yellow arrow) and strap muscles (white arrow). A representative case of the colloid lesion of the thyroid is shown in Figure 3a. Right lobe of thyroid shows a large well-defined cystic nodule with internal septations and echoes. Colloid thyroid lesion with multiple cystic lesions is indicated by a white arrow; strap muscles are shown in yellow arrows. Figure 3b is a lymphoplastc thyroid lesion with the white arrow indicating cystic changes, strap muscles in yellow arrows, and a margin of a nodule in red arrow. Figure 4 shows a representative case of the malignant nodule; the thyroid shows a solitary subcapsular mass with an irregular outline, demonstrating small punctate regions of echogenicity representing microcalcifications and intrinsic echo free area representing necrosis.

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Figure 2. Ultrasound features of the various types of thyroid lesions. Panel (a) showing adenomatous thyroid lesion with arrows indicating strap muscles (yellow), margin of nodule (green), trachea (white), heterogeneous nodule (red), and internal jugular vein (blue). Panel (b) showing Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis) with arrows indicating multiple tiny hypoechoic nodular lesions (yellow) and strap muscles (white).

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Figure 3. Ultrasound features of a colloid thyroid lesion. Panel (a) showing multiple cystic lesions (white arrows) and strap muscles (yellow). Panel (b) showing lymphoplastc thyroid lesion with arrows indicating cystic changes (white), strap muscles (yellow), and margin of nodule (red).

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Figure 4. Ultrasound features of a malignant thyroid nodule. Malignant thyroid lesions with irregular margins are indicated by white arrow marked hypoechogenic; strap muscles and microcalcification are indicated by yellow and green arrows, respectively.

In Figures 5 and 6, histopathology of various thyroid lesions stained with H&E, Papanicolaou stain, and Diff quick stain is shown from the representative cases studied in this investigation. Hashimoto thyroiditis with diffuse lymphoplasmacytic infiltration is shown in Figure 5a, b. In Figure 5a, lymphoid follicles with germinal centers are shown in yellow, normal thyroid follicular tissue present around lymphoid follicles is indicated by black arrows (Pap stain, × 10). Figure 5b shows the germinal centers by the green arrow, red blood cells are indicated by black arrow (H&E stain, × 40). Figure 5c is a colloid goiter which shows varied sizes of thyroid follicles lined by low cuboidal epithelium indicated by the green arrow and filled by eosinophilic colloid, and the blue arrows indicate thyroid follicles (H&E stain, × 20). In Figure 5d, FNA cell block of follicular carcinoma with tumor tissue showing several neoplastic follicles is indicated by black arrows, also indicated by yellow arrows is the blood clot surrounding the neoplastic tissue (H&E, × 20). Diff quick stained slide (× 40) is shown in Figure 6a, papillae showing clusters of malignant follicular epithelial cells are indicated by red arrows. In Figure 6b, the classic pattern of PTC is depicted. Photomicrographs (Pap stain, × 40) show papillary structures consisting of many neoplastic follicular epithelial cells with intranuclear cytoplasmic pseudo-inclusions indicated by black arrows. Figure 6c shows H&E stained photomicrograph of a PTC from an FNA cell block (× 40). Papillary structures consisting of many neoplastic follicular epithelial cells (green arrow) lining the papillae with a fibrovascular core are clearly visible (yellow arrow).

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Figure 5. Histopathology of the representative cases with various thyroid lesions stained with H&E, Papanicolaou stain, and Diff quick stain. In panel (a), Hashimoto’s thyroiditis showing diffuse lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, lymphoid follicles with germinal centers (yellow), normal thyroid follicular tissue (black arrows) present around lymphoid follicles (Pap stain, × 10). Panel (b) showing germinal centers (green arrow), red blood cells are indicated by black arrows (H&E stain, × 40). Panel (c) is a colloid goiter showing varied sizes of thyroid follicles lined by low cuboidal epithelium (green arrow) and filled by eosinophilic colloid. Blue arrows indicate thyroid follicles (H&E stain, × 20). Panel (d) is an FNA cell block of follicular carcinoma - tumor tissue showing several neoplastic follicles (black arrows). Blood clot surrounds the neoplastic tissue (yellow arrows, H&E × 20).

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Figure 6. Histopathology of the representative cases with neoplastic thyroid lesions stained with H&E, Papanicolaou stain, and Diff quick stain. Panel (a) showing a Diff quick stained slide (× 40), papillae showing clusters of malignant follicular epithelial cells (red arrows). In panel (b), a classic pattern of papillary carcinoma is presented. Photomicrographs (Pap stain, × 40) show papillary structures consisting of many neoplastic follicular epithelial cells with intranuclear cytoplasmic pseudo-inclusions indicated by black arrows. Panel (c), FNA cell block, showing papillary carcinoma (H&E, × 40). Papillary structures consisting of many neoplastic follicular epithelial cells (green arrow) lining the papillae with fibrovascular core (yellow arrow).

Thyroid nodules are extremely common in the general population and are usually discovered during routine medical examination. Around 4-7% of the general population develop clinically palpable thyroid nodules [38]. The main cause of thyroid enlargement included simple goiter which is followed by thyroiditis. Toxic goiter and malignant goiter were observed in 7.83% and 12.65% of cases, respectively [39]. Of the simple euthyroid goitrous lesions, the most common were solitary adenoma, followed by diffuse hyperplastic goiter and multinodular goiter. But more than 90% of the detected nodules are clinically insignificant benign lesions while thyroid cancer represents only 5-25% [32, 40].

In our current study, around 85% of all our patients were Saudi Arabian nationals, the mean age in our study was 43.35 years, and in a study conducted in India, the patient’s mean age was 37.69 ± 14.93 years [34]. In another study from western Saudi Arabia, the mean age for males was 41.35 ± 15.52 years compared to 36.59 ± 13.28 years for females [27]. We found the highest incidence of thyroid swelling in the fourth decade of life, with a maximum number of patients in the age group of 41 - 50 years (28.9%), followed by another peak in the age group of 31 - 40 years (23.1%). In a study from the Indian region of Sikkim, Sengupta et al [39] have found more cases were in the age group of 30 - 39 years (31.32%), and Qureshi et al also reported that the most affected age group was 31 - 40 years [40].

The patterns of thyroid lesions observed in the current investigation are comparable with the available world literature. Ezzat et al [13] have reported that the prevalence of thyroid lesions was greater in women than in men. A concordance rate of 49% was noted between US and findings by palpation in their study. In our study, out of 173 total cases, 87.4% cases were females and the overall male to female ratio in our study was 1:7. This was hugely increased to 1:12.3 in the age group of 31 - 40 years old. Salama et al [41] have reported 78.9% from western region of KSA, and in another study from Madinah, Al-Bouq et al [42] found 84.65% females with thyroid lesions. Many reports have shown this sex ratio for male to female in the range of 1:5 - 9 [39, 43-45]. In terms of characteristics of thyroid lesions, most patients have the solitary or multinodular lesions in equal numbers, followed by diffuse lesions, whereas in another study the most common was solitary lesions, followed by diffuse lesions, and multinodular lesions [39]. Another Indian study conducted by Abrari et al showed 54.7% of multinodular goiter, which agrees with our observation [46]. The nodule size in our study ranges from 1 to 3 cm, and most of the patients had an oval or irregular shape of nodules, with well-defined margins of solid consistency. Most of the patients had heterogeneous echogenic nodules than hyper-echoic or hypo-echoic, and the lesions had peri-nodular blood flow, with no calcification, and no lymph node enlargement. Most of the FNA done was on right thyroid lobe followed by left lobe.

In our study, around 4.63% are malignant lesions, 92% are benign nodules including 78% colloid, 11.31% Hashimotos or lymphoplastic, and 10.2% adenomatous nodules. This agrees with a study from Pakistan where they have shown the largest number of patients had benign lesions [47], and another study from India has reported 12.65% of malignancy, with papillary carcinoma being the most common variant. Some other studies [26, 39, 40] have reported less cases of Hashimoto thyroiditis (2.6%, 3.01% and 3.8%) compared to our finding (11.31%). Hashimoto thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease associated with gradual infiltration of the thyroid by T and B lymphocytes causing the destruction follicles, also fibrosis with the reduction in thyroid function and hypothyroidism [48]. Hashimoto thyroiditis is not only the most common form of thyroiditis but also the most common thyroid disorder [49]. The disease, which is also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis or autoimmune thyroiditis, affects 14 million people in the United States alone [50]. It is an autoimmune disorder, which means it occurs when immune cells attack healthy tissue instead of protecting it. Autoimmune diseases affect women more than men, and women are seven times more likely to have Hashimoto thyroiditis [51]. In the present study, around 78% cases had colloid nodules; Albasri et al have reported in the Madinah region also colloid goiter was the most common lesion [26]. Colloid nodules are the most commonly encountered solitary thyroid lesions, and a US examination may reveal numerous other small nodules as part of a multi-nodular gland. These nodules are formed mainly of a collagenous material interspersed with benign thyroid cells with little or no malignant potential. Follicular adenomas are benign tumors that grow in a glandular of follicular pattern, and tend to develop slowly with pseudo-capsule of compressed normal thyroid tissue [52]. In another study from Mexico, the findings were colloid goiter (47.2%), follicular adenomas (23.5%), Hashimoto thyroiditis (20.5%), and papillary carcinomas (5.9%), and we have also found around 5% malignant cases, but our data for colloid, Hashimoto and adenomatous lesions are in contrary to this report [45].

Many centers have adopted the method of USG for the diagnosis of various thyroid problems, and this will help in detecting the thyroid tumors in an early stage. These diagnostic dilemmas have important consequences for the management and prognosis of these patients. Martin and Ellis in 1930 [53] were the first to report the diagnosis of thyroid lesions using aspiration cytology (FNAC). Improvement in the detection of thyroid lesions became easy by extensive use of US of thyroid; the US detects lesions in up to 67% of the population [13]. Thyroid lesions are common and usually benign, the risk of malignancy varies from 5% to 10%, and diagnosis of thyroid malignancy should include a careful clinical examination, laboratory tests, a thyroid US exam and an FNA biopsy (FNAB) followed by immunochemistry [29, 32, 33]. Thyroid FNAB is the most precise test for determining malignancy, and is an integral part of current thyroid nodule evaluation. Although many reports have demonstrated malignant US features require US-guided FNAB for further confirmation, it is hard to decide which lesions should undergo FNAB because the same thyroid lesions may be classified in different ways with different guidelines [30, 31]. The ATA guidelines recommend FNA examination of lesion larger than 1 - 1.5 cm with suspicious US pattern or of the largest nodule if US features are not suspicious [54]. The AACE recommendation for evaluating patients with multiple lesions differ because they consider the US patterns the primary indication for evaluating nodules by FNA irrespective of their size [55].

Sengupta et al [39] have reported around 12.65% malignant cases which are twice than we observed in Saudi Arabia. In the study conducted by Handa et al, the incidence of malignant tumors was 3.9%, of which papillary carcinoma was the most common [34]. In our study, we found 5% malignant cases with papillary carcinoma as the common one. Several studies have shown that immunohistochemistry may provide additional support in the evaluation and diagnosis of thyroid tumors [56, 57]. Many authors have explored immunohistochemistry as a complement to the morphological criteria for the diagnosis of well-differentiated thyroid tumors. Hector Battifora mesothelial-1 (HBME-1), galectin-3, and cytokeratin-19 (CK19) are the most frequently explored antibodies in thyroid pathology [56, 57]. Thyroid cancer is a rare disease which accounts for only 1% of all malignancies in developed countries [12]. PTC is the most common (85%) malignant disorder of the endocrine system, and it is characterized by a distinctive set of nuclear features [12].

In conclusion, most thyroid lesions in this study population were benign presenting as simple euthyroid goiter. Autoimmune thyroiditis was the most common form of inflammation of the thyroid gland while papillary carcinoma was the most common malignancy encountered. There was, as expected, marked female predominance in all types of thyroid diseases and this was mostly marked in toxic goiters. The commonest age group affected is 30 - 39 years, while the extremes of age below 10 and above 70 years were rarely involved. In Saudi Arabia growing prevalence of thyroid cancer may be due to the increased screening using sensitive imaging in clinical practice and diagnosis, and not only an increase in the true occurrence of thyroid cancer [8, 20, 21, 25-27], but also incidental thyroid nodules are being discovered with increasing frequency. Ultrasound is the most accurate and cost-effective method for detecting thyroid lesions. Risk factors, such as female gender, and age were highlighted in the studies here, emphasizing the importance of public health programs that are aimed at tackling such determinants. Large scale studies are needed to follow the prognosis and determinants of this condition in the Arab world. This study recommended early detection and prevention of disease at the primary level by educating the population should be practiced.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Dr. Hani S. Faidah, the Director of Blood bank and laboratory medicine department at Al-Noor Specialist Hospital, the staff of Science and Technology Unit (STU) and Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR) at Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, for their continuous support.

Author Contributions

Concept and design: MIS, AAH, and MMT. Supervision: MEB, FAA and NMB. Resources and materials: MIS, AAH and KABY. Data collection and analysis: MIS, MISI, and MEB. Interpretation: MIS, AAH, KABY and MEB. Literature search: MIS and MMT. Writing manuscript: MIS, MMT, MEB and AAH.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Financial Disclosure

The authors declare that there is no financial interest in this study.

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