Journals | Policy | Permission

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research

Original Article

Volume 7, Number 1, January 2015, pages 37-40

Treatment of Iron Deficiency With Intravenous Ferric Carboxymaltose in General Practice: A Retrospective Database Study

Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide which can affect people of all ages from small children [1] to the elderly [2]. Symptoms of iron deficiency can vary grossly from distriction in self-helping [1] to chronic fatigue, lack of concentration, anginal pain, lightheadedness, swelling of ankles, breathlessness, pallor, dizziness, palpitations, headache, irritability or restless legs syndrome [3, 4].

In general practice, chronic fatigue due to iron deficiancy is a frequent problem and patients are often prescribed oral iron supplementation products [5]. However, oral iron treatment can cause gastrointenstinal side effects, such as acid reflux, constipation, diarrhea, nausea or flatulence, and sometimes, treatment is not effective [6]. In 2007, ferric carboxymaltose was approved in Switzerland for intravenous treatment of iron deficiency [7]. A dose of up to 1,000 mg of ferric carboxymaltose can be administrated intravenously within 15 min [8]. The total iron concentration in the serum increases rapidly in a dose-dependent manner after administration of ferric carboxymaltose. Ferric carboxymaltose is rapidly cleared from the circulation and is distributed primarily to the bone marrow (about 80%) but also to the liver and spleen [8].

In the present study, we retrospecively analyzed the indication, the efficacy and the safety of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in a primary care center in Bern.

We retrospectively analyzed patients from electronic medical records from one primary care center with 18 GPs in Bern, Switzerland. We searched for all patients who were given ferric carboxymaltose (Ferinject^®) from January 01, 2011, until June 30, 2013. Only patients who had a full blood count (FBC) and recorded ferritin levels before and up to 8 months after administration were included in our study. For this retrospective anonymous database analysis, according to the Swiss law [9] and the local ethical committee, no ethical approval was needed for this study. Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prizm^® statistical software. A P value of < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

A total of 422 patients between January 01, 2011 and June 30, 2013 received therapy with intravenous ferric carboxymaltose. Of those 422 patients, 249 were excluded; a total of 173 patients fullfilled the chosen criteria.

The patient characteristics, symptoms and reasons for intravenous treatment are summarized in Table 1. Most of the patients who received intravenous iron were female (163 of 173 patients, 94.2%). The mean age of female patients was 33, and the mean age of male patients was 49. The mean number of comorbidities was 3.3 in female patients and 4.9 in male patients. The number of comorbidities correlated significantly with the patients age (r = 0.26, P < 0.001) (Fig. 1A). The symptoms found in the patients notes varied from chronic fatigue, hair loss, brittle fingernails, exercise intolerance, palpitations, irritability, dizziness, burning tongue sensation, anginal pain, tremor and sleep disorders to lack of concentration.

Figure 1. Age, comorbidities, initial hemoglobin and dosage of ferric carboxymaltose. (A) Number of comorbidities and age of patients. Each dot represents one patient. The number of comorbidities correlated significantly with the patients age (r = 0.26, P < 0.001). (B) Initial hemoglobin and dosage of ferric carboxymaltose given. Each dot represents one patient. The dosage correlated negatively with the initial hemoglobin (r = -0.45, P < 0.001).

Fifty-eight patients (34%) were treated intravenously instead of orally due to an inappropriate increase in ferritin levels after oral therapy; 42 patients (24%) had side effects from oral treatment. Seventeen patients (10%) requested intravenous treatment due to upcoming holidays, stress, not being able to swallow pills, or the avoidance of side effects. Three patients (2%) were treated intravenously because of severe symptomatic anemia. In 67 patients (39%), no obvious reason could be found for the administration of intravenous instead of oral treatment.

The dosage of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose given was dependent on the initial levels of hemoglobin (Fig. 1B), as suggested in treatment recommendations. Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose administration led to a significant increase of hemoglobin (119.4 ± 1.3 vs. 128.7 ± 0.7 g/L, N = 173, P < 0.0001) (Fig. 2A). Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was also significantly higher after administration of ferric carboxymaltose (84.3 ± 0.6 vs. 88.7 ± 0.3 fL, N = 173, P < 0.0001) (Fig. 2B). There was no difference between mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) before and after ferric carboxymaltose (328.5 ± 1.0 vs. 330 ± 0.8 g/L, N = 173, ns) (Fig. 2C). Treatment with ferric carboxymaltose led to significantly higher ferritin levels (15.9 ± 1.2 vs. 82.1 ± 4.2 ng/mL, N = 173, P < 0.0001) (Fig. 2D). Allergic reactions to the intravenous ferric carboxymaltose were seen in three cases (2%); paravenous infusion with colored skin never occurred (data not shown).

Figure 2. Effect of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose on hemoglobin, MCV, MCHC and ferrritin. (A) Ferric carboxymaltose led to a significant increase of hemoglobin (119.4 ± 1.3 vs. 128.7 ± 0.7 g/L, N = 173, P < 0.0001). (B) MCV was also significantly higher after administration of ferric carboxymaltose (84.3 ± 0.6 vs. 88.7 ± 0.3 fL, N = 173, P < 0.0001). (C) There was no difference between MCHC before and after ferric carboxymaltose (328.5 ± 1.0 vs. 330 ± 0.8 g/L, N = 173, ns). (D) Treatment with ferric carboxymaltose led to significant higher ferritin levels (15.9 ± 1.2 vs. 82.1 ± 4.2 ng/mL, N = 173, P < 0.0001). The data show the mean ± SEM.

We found that patients treated with intravenous carboxymaltose in this particular primary care center were mainly female. Female patients were also younger and healthier than their male counterparts, which is not surprising, due to menstruation as a frequent cause of iron deficiency. However, patients of all ages and morbidities were given intravenous ferric carboxymaltose, and the treatment was efficient and safe. Side effects were rare, and their rate was comparable to other studies [8]. Intravenous therapy should preferrably be given to patients who experience intolerable side effects after oral treatment, and in cases of malcompliance, repeatedly menorrhagia or gastrointestinal bleeding, chronic inflammatory bowel disease, postoperative bleeding, anemia with severe cardiac disease and dialysis [8]. Intravenous treament is more expensive than oral treamtent, and health insurance policies in Switzerland cover intravenous ferric carboxymaltose only after unsuccesful oral treatment [7]. However, in our study, intravenous carboxymaltose was also given for other reasons, such as patients’ own preferences. In addition, it was also given to patients with normal hemoglobin and subnormal ferritin levels, where the evidence of a benefit of intravenous iron treatment is weak [10]. In line with a recent warning by the pharmacovigilance of the Swiss Agency for the Authorization and Supervision of Therapeutic Products (Swiss medic) about potential fatal side effects of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose [11], we believe that the indication of an intravenous ferric carboxymaltose treament should be placed with more care.

Acknowledgement

We thank Dr. Markus Battaglia for database support and Prof. Andreas Stuck for the helpful inputs. We thank Angie Ng for proofreading the manuscript.

Competing Interests

We have no competing interests to declare.

Grant Support

There was no specific funding awailable for this study.

1. Thorisdottir AV, Gunnarsdottir I, Palsson GI, Gretarsson SJ, Thorsdottir I. Iron status and developmental scores in 6-year-olds highlights ongoing need to tackle iron deficiency in infants. Acta Paediatr. 2013;102(9):914-919.
   doi pubmed
2. Guyatt GH, Patterson C, Ali M, Singer J, Levine M, Turpie I, Meyer R. Diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia in the elderly. Am J Med. 1990;88(3):205-209.
   doi
3. Wood MM, Elwood PC. Symptoms of iron deficiency anaemia. A community survey. Br J Prev Soc Med. 1966;20(3):117-121.
   pubmed
4. Bryant BJ, Yau YY, Arceo SM, Hopkins JA, Leitman SF. Ascertainment of iron deficiency and depletion in blood donors through screening questions for pica and restless legs syndrome. Transfusion. 2013;53(8):1637-1644.
   doi pubmed
5. Merlo CM, Wuillemin WA. [Diagnosis and therapy of anemia in general practice]. Praxis (Bern 1994). 2009;98(4):191-199.
6. Alleyne M, Horne MK, Miller JL. Individualized treatment for iron-deficiency anemia in adults. Am J Med. 2008;121(11):943-948.
   doi pubmed
7. Swiss medic: Aproval of ferinject. 2007; https://www.swissmedic.ch/zulassungen/00153/00189/00200/01057/index.html?lang=de.
8. Lyseng-Williamson KA, Keating GM. Ferric carboxymaltose: a review of its use in iron-deficiency anaemia. Drugs. 2009;69(6):739-756.
   doi pubmed
9. Bundesamt fur Gesundheit (BAG): Bundesgesetz uber die Forschung am Menschen (Humanforschungsgesetz, HFG). 2011; http://www.bag.admin.ch/themen/medizin/00701/00702/07558/.
10. Krayenbuehl PA, Battegay E, Breymann C, Furrer J, Schulthess G. Intravenous iron for the treatment of fatigue in nonanemic, premenopausal women with low serum ferritin concentration. Blood. 2011;118(12):3222-3227.
    doi pubmed
11. Swiss medic: Phamacovigilance report about Ferinject®. 2014; https://www.swissmedic.ch/marktueberwachung/00135/00160/index.html?lang=de&download=NHzLpZeg7t,lnp6I0NTU042l2Z6ln1acy4Zn4Z2qZpnO2Yuq2Z6gpJCDdoN2gmym162epYbg2c_JjKbNoKSn6A--

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research is published by Elmer Press Inc.