J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 4, Number 4, August 2012, pages 259-266

Multisegment Foot Kinematics During Walking in Younger and Older Adults

Figure 2. Joint angles for the younger group. Graphs in the first row of figure depict the calcaneus relative to the tibia; graphs in the second row depict the forefoot relative to the calcaneus; graphs in the third row depict the whole foot relative to the tibia.

Figure 3. Joint angles for the older group. Graphs in the first row of figure depict the calcaneus relative to the tibia; graphs in the second row depict the forefoot relative to the calcaneus; graphs in the third row depict the whole foot relative to the tibia.

**Table 1.** Participant Characteristics (Mean ± 1 SD) for the Older and Younger Groups
	Younger	Older
Age (years)	24.6	3.0	65.0	4.2
Height (cm)	178.5	5.8	174.6	6.3
Weight (kg)	79.5	9.7	78.7	14.6
Foot Size	10.3	1.1	9.8	1.1

Table 1. Participant Characteristics (Mean ± 1 SD) for the Older and Younger Groups

Younger

Older

Mean

Age (years)

24.6

3.0

65.0

4.2

Height (cm)

178.5

5.8

174.6

6.3

Weight (kg)

79.5

9.7

78.7

14.6

Foot Size

10.3

1.1

9.8

1.1

**Table 2.** Anatomical Landmarks for the Four-Segment Model of the Foot and Shank
Segment	Location
Hallux	Most distal and dorsal point of the head of the proximal phalanx
Forefoot	Head of the fifth metatarsal, dorso-lateral aspect of the fifth metatarso-phalangeal joint
	Head of the second metatarsal, dorso-medial aspect of the second metatarso-phalangeal joint
	Head of the first metatarsal, dorso-medial aspect of the first metatarso-phalangeal joint
	Base of the fifth metatarsal, dorso-lateral aspect of the fifth metatarso-cuboid joint
	Base of the second metatarsal, dorso-medial aspect of the second metatarso-cuneiform joint
	Base of the first metatarsal, dorso-medial aspect of the first metatarso-cuneiform joint
Calcaneus	Lateral calcaneus - midpoint between the lateral malleolus and floor
	Medial calcaneus - point between medial malleolus and floor at height of lateral calcaneus marker
	Posterior calcaneus - aligned vertically with Achilles tendon at same height as lateral calcaneus marker
Shank	Most lateral aspect of lateral malleolus
	Most medial aspect of the medial malleolus
	Most lateral prominence of lateral epicondyle
	Most medial prominence of the medial epicondyle
	Most anterior aspect of the tibial tuberosity

Table 2. Anatomical Landmarks for the Four-Segment Model of the Foot and Shank

Segment

Location

Hallux

Most distal and dorsal point of the head of the proximal phalanx

Forefoot

Head of the fifth metatarsal, dorso-lateral aspect of the fifth metatarso-phalangeal joint

Head of the second metatarsal, dorso-medial aspect of the second metatarso-phalangeal joint

Head of the first metatarsal, dorso-medial aspect of the first metatarso-phalangeal joint

Base of the fifth metatarsal, dorso-lateral aspect of the fifth metatarso-cuboid joint

Base of the second metatarsal, dorso-medial aspect of the second metatarso-cuneiform joint

Base of the first metatarsal, dorso-medial aspect of the first metatarso-cuneiform joint

Calcaneus

Lateral calcaneus - midpoint between the lateral malleolus and floor

Medial calcaneus - point between medial malleolus and floor at height of lateral calcaneus marker

Posterior calcaneus - aligned vertically with Achilles tendon at same height as lateral calcaneus marker

Shank

Most lateral aspect of lateral malleolus

Most medial aspect of the medial malleolus

Most lateral prominence of lateral epicondyle

Most medial prominence of the medial epicondyle

Most anterior aspect of the tibial tuberosity

**Table 3.** Descriptive Data (Mean ± 1 S.D.) for Temporal-Spatial Variables for the Younger and Older Age Groups
Temporal-spatial Measure	Younger (N = 11)	Older (N = 11)
Cycle Time (s)	1.1	0.1	1.1	0.1
Cadence (steps/min)	106.2	4.6	107.6	8.7
Stride Length (m)	1.4	0.1	1.4	0.2
Walk Speed (m/s)	1.2	0.1	1.2	0.2
Opposite Toe-off (%)	12	1.5	11.5	1.7
Opposite Foot Strike (%)	49.6	1.5	50.1	1.6
Toe-off (%)	61.3	1.3	60.7	1.6
Single Stance (%)	37.6	1.2	38.6	2
Double Stance (%)	23.6	2.2	22	2.8
Stance (%)	61.3	1.3	60.7	1.6

Table 3. Descriptive Data (Mean ± 1 S.D.) for Temporal-Spatial Variables for the Younger and Older Age Groups

Temporal-spatial Measure

Younger (N = 11)

Older (N = 11)

Mean

Cycle Time (s)

1.1

0.1

1.1

0.1

Cadence (steps/min)

106.2

4.6

107.6

8.7

Stride Length (m)

1.4

0.1

1.4

0.2

Walk Speed (m/s)

1.2

0.1

1.2

0.2

Opposite Toe-off (%)

1.5

11.5

1.7

Opposite Foot Strike (%)

49.6

1.5

50.1

1.6

Toe-off (%)

61.3

1.3

60.7

1.6

Single Stance (%)

37.6

1.2

38.6

Double Stance (%)

23.6

2.2

2.8

Stance (%)

61.3

1.3

60.7

1.6

**Table 4.** Descriptive Results (Mean ± 1 S.D.) for Joint Angles for the Younger and Older Groups During the Stance Phase, Swing Phase, and Entire Gait Cycle
Variables	Phase	Young Group (N = 11)	Old Group (N = 11)
Hindfoot - Shank
Max inversion	Cycle	-8.00	5.20	-7.40	3.20
Max eversion	Cycle	4.50	3.00	4.70	1.80
Eversion ROM	Cycle	12.50	3.50	12.10	3.00
Max plantarflexion	Stance	-11.30	2.20	-12.20	3.90
Max plantarflexion	Swing	-14.80	6.40	-12.20	8.00
Max dorsiflexion	Cycle	8.50	2.40	9.20	3.30
Dorsiflexion ROM	Cycle	19.80	2.10	21.40	2.40
Max abduction	Cycle	-10.30	2.60	-9.80	4.20
Max abduction	Cycle	3.80	2.70	5.00	2.10
Abduction ROM	Cycle	14.10	2.90	14.70	3.60
Hindfoot - Forefoot
Max eversion	Cycle	8.40	3.50	9.10	2.00
Max plantarflexion	Cycle	-13.50	3.90	-11.70	4.10
Max dorsiflexion	Cycle	3.70	3.40	4.40	3.10
Dorsiflexion ROM	Cycle	17.20	5.60	16.10	3.80
Foot - Shank
Max inversion	Cycle	-8.80	3.30	-12.00	4.20
Max plantarflexion	Stance	-12.40	5.10	-10.60	5.00
Max plantarflexion	Swing	-17.40	7.30	-14.60	4.30
Max dorsiflexion	Cycle	12.30	2.30	12.40	4.50
Dorsiflexion ROM	Cycle	24.70	4.60	23.00	3.60
Planar Angles [1]
V2G Max	Cycle	74.10	11.80	68.30	12.50
S2G Max	Cycle	107.40	10.00	102.60	10.90
F2Ps Max	Cycle	45.50	3.80	41.80	8.60
MLA Max	Cycle	171.50	7.30	171.20	6.90

Table 4. Descriptive Results (Mean ± 1 S.D.) for Joint Angles for the Younger and Older Groups During the Stance Phase, Swing Phase, and Entire Gait Cycle

Variables

Phase

Young
Group (N = 11)

Old
Group (N = 11)

Mean (º)

Hindfoot - Shank

Max inversion

Cycle

-8.00

5.20

-7.40

3.20

Max eversion

Cycle

4.50

3.00

4.70

1.80

Eversion ROM

Cycle

12.50

3.50

12.10

3.00

Max plantarflexion

Stance

-11.30

2.20

-12.20

3.90

Max plantarflexion

Swing

-14.80

6.40

-12.20

8.00

Max dorsiflexion

Cycle

8.50

2.40

9.20

3.30

Dorsiflexion ROM

Cycle

19.80

2.10

21.40

2.40

Max abduction

Cycle

-10.30

2.60

-9.80

4.20

Max abduction

Cycle

3.80

2.70

5.00

2.10

Abduction ROM

Cycle

14.10

2.90

14.70

3.60

Hindfoot - Forefoot

Max eversion

Cycle

8.40

3.50

9.10

2.00

Max plantarflexion

Cycle

-13.50

3.90

-11.70

4.10

Max dorsiflexion

Cycle

3.70

3.40

4.40

3.10

Dorsiflexion ROM

Cycle

17.20

5.60

16.10

3.80

Foot - Shank

Max inversion

Cycle

-8.80

3.30

-12.00

4.20

Max plantarflexion

Stance

-12.40

5.10

-10.60

5.00

Max plantarflexion

Swing

-17.40

7.30

-14.60

4.30

Max dorsiflexion

Cycle

12.30

2.30

12.40

4.50

Dorsiflexion ROM

Cycle

24.70

4.60

23.00

3.60

Planar Angles [1]

V2G Max

Cycle

74.10

11.80

68.30

12.50

S2G Max

Cycle

107.40

10.00

102.60

10.90

F2Ps Max

Cycle

45.50

3.80

41.80

8.60

MLA Max

Cycle

171.50

7.30

171.20

6.90