J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 3, Number 4, August 2011, pages 168-176

Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis and Musculoskeletal Status: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study

Figure 2.. Correlation between bone mineral density of lumbar spine L2-L4 and muscle strength of trunk flexors (A), trunk extensors (B), amplitude of movement trunk flexors (C), trunk extensors (D), thoracic kyphosis angle T4 (E), and lumbar lordosis angle (F).

**Table 1.** Clinical Characteristics of the Postmenopausal Women With and Without Osteoporosis
Variable	Women with Osteoporosis (n = 30) (mean ± SD)	Women without Osteoporosis (n = 33) (mean ± SD)	P-value*
* Mann-Whitney non-parametric test
Age (years)	57.40 ± 5.21	55.76 ± 5.76	0.35
Education (years of schooling)	3.70 ± 4.36	5.24 ± 4.33	0.09
Age at menopause (years)	46.70 ± 7.15	45.33 ± 5.94	0.23
Time since menopause (years)	11.00 ± 6.65	11.06 ± 6.53	0.97
Weight (kg)	57.70 ± 13.64	71.34 ± 13.57	< 0.01
Height (cm)	142.29 ± 32.62	150.23 ± 27.43	0.01
BMI (kg/m²)	25.62 ± 6.34	29.74 ± 5.90	< 0.01

Table 1. Clinical Characteristics of the Postmenopausal Women With and Without Osteoporosis

Variable

Women with Osteoporosis (n = 30)
(mean ± SD)

Women without Osteoporosis (n = 33)
(mean ± SD)

P-value*

* Mann-Whitney non-parametric test

Age (years)

57.40 ± 5.21

55.76 ± 5.76

0.35

Education (years of schooling)

3.70 ± 4.36

5.24 ± 4.33

0.09

Age at menopause (years)

46.70 ± 7.15

45.33 ± 5.94

0.23

Time since menopause (years)

11.00 ± 6.65

11.06 ± 6.53

0.97

Weight (kg)

57.70 ± 13.64

71.34 ± 13.57

< 0.01

Height (cm)

142.29 ± 32.62

150.23 ± 27.43

0.01

BMI (kg/m²)

25.62 ± 6.34

29.74 ± 5.90

< 0.01

**Table 2.** Mean Grade of Muscle Strength and Range of Motion of the Spine (Flexion/Extension) in Postmenopausal Women With and Without Osteoporosis
Variable	Women with osteoporosis (n = 30) (mean ± SD)	Women without osteoporosis (n = 33) (mean ± SD)	P-value*
* Mann-Whitney non-parametric test
Muscular strength
Trunk flexors	1.43 ± 0.50	2.00 ± 0.79	< 0.01
Trunk extensors	1.10 ± 0.48	2.09 ± 0.98	< 0.01
Range of motion
Spine flexion	88.17 ± 13.74	86.67 ± 16.85	0.91
Spine extension	20.50 ± 9.68	28.48 ± 10.12	< 0.01

Table 2. Mean Grade of Muscle Strength and Range of Motion of the Spine (Flexion/Extension) in Postmenopausal Women With and Without Osteoporosis

Variable

Women with osteoporosis (n = 30)
(mean ± SD)

Women without osteoporosis (n = 33)
(mean ± SD)

P-value*

* Mann-Whitney non-parametric test

Muscular strength

Trunk flexors

1.43 ± 0.50

2.00 ± 0.79

< 0.01

Trunk extensors

1.10 ± 0.48

2.09 ± 0.98

< 0.01

Range of motion

Spine flexion

88.17 ± 13.74

86.67 ± 16.85

0.91

Spine extension

20.50 ± 9.68

28.48 ± 10.12

< 0.01

**Table 3.** Mean Thoracic Kyphosis and Lumbar Lordosis Angles in Postmenopausal Women With and Without Osteoporosis
Angles of the sagittal curvatures of the spine	Women with osteoporosis	Women without osteoporosis	P-value*
* Mann-Whitney non-parametric test
Thoracic kyphosis angle	T1	18	60.94 ± 4.80	17	49.82 ± 3.83	< 0.01
T2	26	60.77 ± 4.94	23	47.39 ± 5.87	< 0.01
T3	29	60.31 ± 5.13	33	47.64 ± 6.49	< 0.01
T4	30	62.10 ± 5.64	33	47.00 ± 6.70	< 0.01
Lumbar lordosis angle	30	117.60 ± 8.09	33	53.12 ± 5.15	< 0.01

Table 3. Mean Thoracic Kyphosis and Lumbar Lordosis Angles in Postmenopausal Women With and Without Osteoporosis

Angles of the sagittal curvatures of the spine

Women with osteoporosis

Women without osteoporosis

P-value*

Mean ± SD

* Mann-Whitney non-parametric test

Thoracic kyphosis angle

60.94 ± 4.80

49.82 ± 3.83

< 0.01

60.77 ± 4.94

47.39 ± 5.87

< 0.01

60.31 ± 5.13

47.64 ± 6.49

< 0.01

62.10 ± 5.64

47.00 ± 6.70

< 0.01

Lumbar lordosis angle

117.60 ± 8.09

53.12 ± 5.15

< 0.01

**Table 4.** Static and Dynamic Balance of Postmenopausal Women With and Without Osteoporosis
Balance	Women with osteoporosis (n = 30)	Women without osteoporosis (n = 33)	P-value
* Fisher's exact test; Chi-square test; * Mann-Whitney non-parametric test
Static	Grade (%)	negative	73.3	78.8	0.61**
positive	26.7	21.2
Time (mean)	52.43 ± 15.50	52.58 ± 15.92	0.99***
Dynamic	Grade (%)	3	9.1	10.0	0.48*
2	12.1	3.3
1	78.8	86.7
Time (mean)	27.00 ± 18.28	25.60 ± 19.30	0.61***

Table 4. Static and Dynamic Balance of Postmenopausal Women With and Without Osteoporosis

Balance

Women with osteoporosis (n = 30)

Women without osteoporosis (n = 33)

P-value

* Fisher's exact test; ** Chi-square test; *** Mann-Whitney non-parametric test

Static

Grade (%)

negative

73.3

78.8

0.61**

positive

26.7

21.2

Time (mean)

52.43 ± 15.50

52.58 ± 15.92

0.99***

Dynamic

Grade (%)

9.1

10.0

0.48*

12.1

3.3

78.8

86.7

Time (mean)

27.00 ± 18.28

25.60 ± 19.30

0.61***

**Table 5.** Factors Associated With Bone Mineral Density of L2-L4 (g/cm²) According to Multiple Linear Regression Analysis
Variable	Estimated parameter	Coefficient error	R²	P-value*
* Adjusted for BMI, age, use of HT, physical activity and age at menopause.
Range of motion: extension spine	0.0036	0.0020	0.143	0.03
T4 kyphosis angle	-0.0125	0.0019	0.603	< 0.01

Table 5. Factors Associated With Bone Mineral Density of L2-L4 (g/cm²) According to Multiple Linear Regression Analysis

Variable

Estimated parameter

Coefficient error

R²

P-value*

* Adjusted for BMI, age, use of HT, physical activity and age at menopause.

Range of motion: extension spine

0.0036

0.0020

0.143

0.03

T4 kyphosis angle

-0.0125

0.0019

0.603

< 0.01