Figure 1. Study selection flow diagram: adapted from the PRISMA. PRISMA: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.
| Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access |
| Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc |
| Journal website https://www.jocmr.org |
Original Article
Volume 16, Number 1, January 2024, pages 8-14
Cold Agglutinin Disease and COVID-19: A Scoping Review of Treatments and Outcomes
Figure
Table
| Author, year | Country | Study type | Age (years)/sex | CAD status (pre-existing/new diagnosis) | Clinical presentation | Comorbidity | Treatment with rituximab | COVID-19 treatment | CAD treatment | Time to AIHA | ICU admission | Overall outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; CAD: cold agglutinin disease; AIHA: autoimmune hemolytic anemia; ICU: intensive care unit; F: female; M: male; RBC: red blood cell; ESRD: end-stage renal disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | ||||||||||||
| Zagorski et al, 2020 [13] | USA | Case report | 46/F | New | Anemia | Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), post splenectomy/iron deficiency anemia, asthma | No | Supportive only | Packed RBC transfusion | Concomitant | No | Died |
| Tsukamoto et al, 2022 [14] | Japan | Case report | 72/F | New | Anemia | Not reported | No | Steroids | Steroids | Concomitant | Yes | Resolved |
| Ramos-Ruperto et al, 2021 [15] | Spain | Case series | 54/M | New | Severe pneumonia | No significant medical history | No | Hydroxychloroquine and tocilizumab | Steroids and plasma exchange | Concomitant | No | Resolved |
| 72/F | New | Severe pneumonia | No significant medical history | No | Hydroxychloroquine, tocilizumab, and steroids | Steroids and packed RBC transfusion | Not reported | Yes | Resolved | |||
| 76/F | New | Severe pneumonia | Hypertension, hypothyroidism, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (no previous treatment) | No | Hydroxychloroquine and steroids | Steroids and packed RBC transfusion | Not reported | Yes | Resolved | |||
| Raghuwanshi et al, 2020 [16] | India | Case report | 45/M | New | Pneumonia with anemia and thrombocytopenia | Not reported | No | Not reported | Packed RBC transfusion | Not reported | Yes | No reported outcome |
| Priyadarshini et al, 2022 [17] | India | Case report | 43/M | New | Severe pneumonia | Not reported | No | Remdesivir and steroids | Packed RBC transfusion | 2 days | Yes | Died |
| Patil et al, 2020 [18] | USA | Case report | 51/F | New | Severe pneumonia | Breast ductal carcinoma status post lumpectomy/radiation therapy/tamoxifen | No | Hydroxychloroquine | Packed RBC transfusion | Concomitant | No | Resolved |
| Moonla et al, 2020 [19] | Thailand | Case report | 24/F | New | Severe pneumonia | No significant medical history | No | Hydroxychloroquine | None | 3 days | No | Resolved |
| Maslov et al, 2020 [20] | USA | Case report | 48/M | New | Anemia | Hypertension, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, obesity/ESRD on hemodialysis | No | Supportive only | None | Concomitant | No | Died |
| Lazarian et al, 2020 [21] | French and Belgian | Case series | 62/F | New | Severe pneumonia | Hypertension, cirrhosis | Yes | Not reported | Steroid and rituximab | 4 days | No | Resolved |
| 69/F | New | Moderate pneumonia | Obesity | No | Not reported | Steroids | 10 days | No | Resolved | |||
| 61/M | New | Mild pneumonia | Hypertension, chronic renal failure | No | Not reported | Packed RBC transfusion | 11 days | No | Active hemolysis at publication | |||
| Kaur et a, 2021 [22] | USA | Case report | 61/M | New | Hypoxic respiratory failure | Hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, ESRD, hemodialysis-dependent, anemia of chronic disease, coronary artery disease, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, and obesity | No | Hydroxychloroquine, steroids, azithromycin | Packed RBC transfusion | 21 days | Yes | Resolved |
| Jacobs et al, 2021 [23] | USA | Case report | 33/F | New | Anemia | No significant medical history | Yes | Steroids and tocilizumab | Rituximab and packed RBC transfusion | Concomitant | Yes | Resolved |
| Gupta et al, 2021 [24] | USA | Case report | 77/M | New | Pneumonia | COPD and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) | No | Hydroxychloroquine, steroids, unspecified antibiotics | Packed RBC transfusion | 9 days | Yes | Died |
| Chang et al, 2022 [25] | Malaysia | Case report | 70/F | New | Pneumonia | Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia | No | Steroids | Packed RBC transfusion | 3 days | Yes | Resolved |
| Capes et al, 2020 [26] | Belgium | Case report | 62/M | New | Pneumonia | Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma on radio chemotherapy | No | Intubation | Packed RBC transfusion | 16 days | Yes | Resolved |
| Bhuyan et al, 2022 [27] | India | Case report | 45/F | New | Anemia | No significant medical history | No | Supportive only | Packed RBC transfusion | Concomitant | Yes | Resolved |
| Bhagat et al, 2021 [28] | USA | Case report | 83/F | Existing | Anemia | Cold agglutinin hemolytic anemia, chronic anemia, hypothyroidism, hypertension, deep vein thrombosis and chronic lymphedema | Yes | Remdesivir and steroids | Rituximab and packed RBC transfusion | Concomitant | No | Resolved |
| Aldaghlawi et al, 2021 [29] | USA | Case report | 69/F | New | Nonspecific symptoms | Stage IV chronic lymphocytic leukemia on tirabrutinib | Yes | Levofloxacin, steroids | Rituximab, steroids | 20 days | No | Resolved |
| Ahmed et al, 2021 [30] | Canada | Case report | 70/M | Existing | Pneumonia | Cold agglutinin disease, gout, and chronic viral hepatitis B without cirrhosis | No | Steroids | Packed RBC transfusion and plasma exchange | Concomitant | Yes | Resolved |
| Ahmadnezhad et al, 2021 [31] | Iran | Case report | 49/F | New | Anemia | Thalassemia | No | Supportive only | Packed RBC transfusion | Concomitant | No | Died |