J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 16, Number 2-3, March 2024, pages 56-62

Economic Impact of COVID-19 on a Free-Standing Pediatric Ambulatory Center

Figure 1. Average cost of overall care during April - August in 2019 compared to April - August 2020.

Figure 2. Average cost of recovery room services during April - August in 2019 compared to April - August 2020.

Figure 3. Average cost of operating room services during April - August in 2019 compared to April - August 2020.

Figure 4. Average cost of anesthesia services during April - August in 2019 compared to April - August 2020.

Figure 5. Average cost of medical supplies and devices during April - August in 2019 compared to April - August 2020.

**Table 1.** Demographic Data of the Study Cohort
Characteristics	Overall	2019	2020	P-value
The data are listed as number (%). BMI: body mass index; sCHIP: Children’s Health Insurance Program; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists.
Study population	1,797 (100.0)	1,175 (65.4)	622 (34.6)
Male gender	960 (53.6)	632 (54.1)	328 (52.8)	0.615
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White	1,420 (80.8)	938 (81.6)	482 (79.3)	0.348
Non-Hispanic Black	164 (9.3)	108 (9.4)	56 (9.2)
Other	153 (8.7)	93 (8.1)	60 (9.9)
Hispanic	21 (1.2)	11 (1)	10 (1.6)
Age in years
≤ 5	93 (5.2)	36 (3.1)	57 (9.2)	< 0.001
6 - 12	438 (24.5)	249 (21.3)	189 (30.4)
≥ 13	1,259 (70.3)	884 (75.6)	375 (60.4)
ASA physical classification
1	903 (50.4)	616 (52.7)	287 (46.2)	0.001
2	870 (48.6)	548 (46.9)	322 (51.9)
3	17 (0.9)	5 (0.4)	12 (1.9)
BMI category (for patients ≥ 2 years of age)
Underweight	85 (8)	58 (9)	27 (6.4)	0.096
Normal weight	714 (66.8)	439 (68.1)	275 (64.9)
Overweight	168 (15.7)	90 (14)	78 (18.4)
Obese	102 (9.5)	58 (9)	44 (10.4)
Insurance
Private/commercial	965 (53.9)	653 (55.9)	312 (50.2)	0.117
Medicaid/sCHIP; private/commercial	124 (6.9)	75 (6.4)	49 (7.9)
Medicaid/sCHIP	690 (38.5)	433 (37)	257 (41.4)
Self-pay	11 (0.6)	8 (0.7)	3 (0.5)

Table 1. Demographic Data of the Study Cohort

Characteristics

Overall

2019

2020

P-value

The data are listed as number (%). BMI: body mass index; sCHIP: Children’s Health Insurance Program; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists.

Study population

1,797 (100.0)

1,175 (65.4)

622 (34.6)

Male gender

960 (53.6)

632 (54.1)

328 (52.8)

0.615

Race/ethnicity

Non-Hispanic White

1,420 (80.8)

938 (81.6)

482 (79.3)

0.348

Non-Hispanic Black

164 (9.3)

108 (9.4)

56 (9.2)

Other

153 (8.7)

93 (8.1)

60 (9.9)

Hispanic

21 (1.2)

11 (1)

10 (1.6)

Age in years

≤ 5

93 (5.2)

36 (3.1)

57 (9.2)

< 0.001

6 - 12

438 (24.5)

249 (21.3)

189 (30.4)

≥ 13

1,259 (70.3)

884 (75.6)

375 (60.4)

ASA physical classification

903 (50.4)

616 (52.7)

287 (46.2)

0.001

870 (48.6)

548 (46.9)

322 (51.9)

17 (0.9)

5 (0.4)

12 (1.9)

BMI category (for patients ≥ 2 years of age)

Underweight

85 (8)

58 (9)

27 (6.4)

0.096

Normal weight

714 (66.8)

439 (68.1)

275 (64.9)

Overweight

168 (15.7)

90 (14)

78 (18.4)

Obese

102 (9.5)

58 (9)

44 (10.4)

Insurance

Private/commercial

965 (53.9)

653 (55.9)

312 (50.2)

0.117

Medicaid/sCHIP; private/commercial

124 (6.9)

75 (6.4)

49 (7.9)

Medicaid/sCHIP

690 (38.5)

433 (37)

257 (41.4)

Self-pay

11 (0.6)

8 (0.7)

3 (0.5)

**Table 2.** Average Healthcare-Related Costs
Services	Average cost (dollars)	Cost ratio (2020 vs. 2019)	P-value
The average cost is listed in dollars with 95% confidence intervals.
Anesthesia services	1,143 (1,130, 1,156)	1,268 (1,241, 1,295)	1.11 (1.08, 1.14)	< 0.001
Operating room services	1,221 (1,213, 1,229)	1,255 (1,243, 1,268)	1.03 (1.02, 1.04)	< 0.001
Recovery room services	659 (649, 669)	751 (731, 772)	1.14 (1.10, 1.18)	< 0.001
Supply and medical devices	150 (97, 202)	271 (248, 294)	1.81 (1.26, 2.6)	0.001
Overall	3,030 (2,999, 3,061)	3,313 (3,248, 3,378)	1.09 (1.07, 1.12)	< 0.001

Table 2. Average Healthcare-Related Costs

Services

Average cost (dollars)

Cost ratio (2020 vs. 2019)

P-value

2019

2020

The average cost is listed in dollars with 95% confidence intervals.

Anesthesia services

1,143 (1,130, 1,156)

1,268 (1,241, 1,295)

1.11 (1.08, 1.14)

< 0.001

Operating room services

1,221 (1,213, 1,229)

1,255 (1,243, 1,268)

1.03 (1.02, 1.04)

< 0.001

Recovery room services

659 (649, 669)

751 (731, 772)

1.14 (1.10, 1.18)

< 0.001

Supply and medical devices

150 (97, 202)

271 (248, 294)

1.81 (1.26, 2.6)

0.001

Overall

3,030 (2,999, 3,061)

3,313 (3,248, 3,378)

1.09 (1.07, 1.12)

< 0.001