J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 15, Number 2, February 2023, pages 99-108

Cannabis Use and Its Association With Thirty- and Ninety-Day Hospital Readmissions for Patients Admitted for an Inflammatory Bowel Disease Exacerbation

**Table 1.** Demographic and Patient Characteristics (N = 1,021)
CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; LOS: length of stay; SD: standard deviation.
Age (years)
Mean (SD)	45.28 (20.24)
Gender
Female	542 (53.09)
Male	479 (46.91)
Race
African American/Black	150 (14.69)
Asian	54 (5.29)
Other/multiracial	143 (14.01)
White	674 (66.01)
Cannabis use
Yes	74 (7.25)
No	947 (92.75)
Hospital opioid use
Yes	322 (31.54)
No	699 (68.46)
Tobacco use
Current	100 (9.79)
Former	172 (16.85)
Never	617 (60.43)
Unknown	132 (12.93)
Alcohol use
Current	179 (17.53)
Former	24 (2.35)
Never	408 (39.96)
Unknown	410 (40.16)
IBD type
Crohn’s disease	484 (47.40)
Ulcerative colitis	537 (52.60)
CCI
Mean (SD)	2.17 (2.88)
LOS (days)
Mean (SD)	6.39 (7.11)

Table 1. Demographic and Patient Characteristics (N = 1,021)

CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; LOS: length of stay; SD: standard deviation.

Age (years)

Mean (SD)

45.28 (20.24)

Gender

Female

542 (53.09)

Male

479 (46.91)

Race

African American/Black

150 (14.69)

Asian

54 (5.29)

Other/multiracial

143 (14.01)

White

674 (66.01)

Cannabis use

Yes

74 (7.25)

947 (92.75)

Hospital opioid use

Yes

322 (31.54)

699 (68.46)

Tobacco use

Current

100 (9.79)

Former

172 (16.85)

Never

617 (60.43)

Unknown

132 (12.93)

Alcohol use

Current

179 (17.53)

Former

24 (2.35)

Never

408 (39.96)

Unknown

410 (40.16)

IBD type

Crohn’s disease

484 (47.40)

Ulcerative colitis

537 (52.60)

CCI

Mean (SD)

2.17 (2.88)

LOS (days)

Mean (SD)

6.39 (7.11)

**Table 2.** Association Between Pre-Admission Characteristics and Cannabis Use (N = 1,021)
	Cannabis use (n = 74), n (%)	No cannabis use (n = 947), n (%)	Univariable OR (95% CI)	P-value	Multivariable OR (95% CI)	P-value
CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; CI: confidence interval; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; OR: odds ratio; SD: standard deviation.
Patient characteristics
Age (years)
Mean (SD)	36.46 (15.52)	45.97 (20.41)	0.97 (0.96 - 0.99)	0.0001	0.96 (0.94 - 0.98)	< 0.0001
Gender
Female	22 (29.73)	520 (54.91)	0.35 (0.21 - 0.58)	< 0.0001	0.28 (0.16 - 0.50)	< 0.0001
Male	52 (70.27)	427 (45.09)	Reference		Reference
Race
African American/Black	21 (28.38)	129 (13.62)	2.51 (1.44 - 4.40)	0.0012	2.80 (1.50 - 5.23)	0.0012
Asian	3 (4.05)	51 (5.39)	0.90 (0.27 - 3.04)	0.8757	1.12 (0.31 - 3.96)	0.8667
Other/multiracial	9 (12.16)	134 (14.15)	1.04 (0.49 - 2.19)	0.9240	1.11 (0.50 - 2.48)	0.7978
White	41 (55.41)	633 (66.84)	Reference		Reference
Tobacco use
Current	17 (22.97)	83 (8.76)	3.32 (1.78 - 6.16)	0.0002	2.97 (1.48 - 6.02)	0.0022
Former	12 (16.22)	160 (16.90)	1.21 (0.61 - 2.38)	0.5800	1.70 (0.78 - 3.71)	0.1788
Never	36 (48.65)	581 (61.35)	Reference		Reference
Unknown	9 (12.16)	123 (12.99)	1.19 (0.55 - 2.52)	0.6664	1.26 (0.50 - 3.16)	0.6319
Alcohol use
Current	17 (22.97)	162 (17.11)	1.32 (0.71 - 2.47)	0.3794	1.04 (0.53 - 2.07)	0.8998
Former	6 (8.11)	18 (1.90)	4.22 (1.55 - 11.38)	0.0047	3.71 (1.20 - 11.36)	0.0227
Never	30 (40.54)	378 (39.92)	Reference		Reference
Unknown	21 (28.38)	389 (41.08)	0.68 (0.38 - 1.21)	0.1892	0.51 (0.25 - 1.04)	0.0644
Clinical characteristics
Anxiety
Yes	14 (18.92)	91 (9.61)	2.20 (1.18 - 4.09)	0.0130	2.72 (1.30 - 5.70)	0.0080
No	60 (81.08)	856 (90.39)	Reference		Reference
Depression
Yes	12 (16.22)	53 (5.60)	3.25 (1.66 - 6.43)	0.0006	3.97 (1.78 - 8.87)	0.0007
No	62 (83.78)	894 (94.40)	Reference		Reference
IBD type
Crohn’s disease	42 (56.76)	442 (46.67)	1.51 (0.93 - 2.42)	0.0961	-	-
Ulcerative colitis	32 (43.24)	505 (53.33)	Reference		-	-
CCI
Mean (SD)	1.35 (2.35)	2.23 (2.90)	0.87 (0.78 - 0.97)	0.0124	-	-

Table 2. Association Between Pre-Admission Characteristics and Cannabis Use (N = 1,021)

Cannabis use (n = 74), n (%)

No cannabis use (n = 947), n (%)

Univariable OR (95% CI)

P-value

Multivariable OR (95% CI)

P-value

CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; CI: confidence interval; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; OR: odds ratio; SD: standard deviation.

Patient characteristics

Age (years)

Mean (SD)

36.46 (15.52)

45.97 (20.41)

0.97 (0.96 - 0.99)

0.0001

0.96 (0.94 - 0.98)

< 0.0001

Gender

Female

22 (29.73)

520 (54.91)

0.35 (0.21 - 0.58)

< 0.0001

0.28 (0.16 - 0.50)

< 0.0001

Male

52 (70.27)

427 (45.09)

Reference

Race

African American/Black

21 (28.38)

129 (13.62)

2.51 (1.44 - 4.40)

0.0012

2.80 (1.50 - 5.23)

0.0012

Asian

3 (4.05)

51 (5.39)

0.90 (0.27 - 3.04)

0.8757

1.12 (0.31 - 3.96)

0.8667

Other/multiracial

9 (12.16)

134 (14.15)

1.04 (0.49 - 2.19)

0.9240

1.11 (0.50 - 2.48)

0.7978

White

41 (55.41)

633 (66.84)

Reference

Tobacco use

Current

17 (22.97)

83 (8.76)

3.32 (1.78 - 6.16)

0.0002

2.97 (1.48 - 6.02)

0.0022

Former

12 (16.22)

160 (16.90)

1.21 (0.61 - 2.38)

0.5800

1.70 (0.78 - 3.71)

0.1788

Never

36 (48.65)

581 (61.35)

Reference

Unknown

9 (12.16)

123 (12.99)

1.19 (0.55 - 2.52)

0.6664

1.26 (0.50 - 3.16)

0.6319

Alcohol use

Current

17 (22.97)

162 (17.11)

1.32 (0.71 - 2.47)

0.3794

1.04 (0.53 - 2.07)

0.8998

Former

6 (8.11)

18 (1.90)

4.22 (1.55 - 11.38)

0.0047

3.71 (1.20 - 11.36)

0.0227

Never

30 (40.54)

378 (39.92)

Reference

Unknown

21 (28.38)

389 (41.08)

0.68 (0.38 - 1.21)

0.1892

0.51 (0.25 - 1.04)

0.0644

Clinical characteristics

Anxiety

Yes

14 (18.92)

91 (9.61)

2.20 (1.18 - 4.09)

0.0130

2.72 (1.30 - 5.70)

0.0080

60 (81.08)

856 (90.39)

Reference

Depression

Yes

12 (16.22)

53 (5.60)

3.25 (1.66 - 6.43)

0.0006

3.97 (1.78 - 8.87)

0.0007

62 (83.78)

894 (94.40)

Reference

IBD type

Crohn’s disease

42 (56.76)

442 (46.67)

1.51 (0.93 - 2.42)

0.0961

Ulcerative colitis

32 (43.24)

505 (53.33)

Reference

CCI

Mean (SD)

1.35 (2.35)

2.23 (2.90)

0.87 (0.78 - 0.97)

0.0124

**Table 3.** Association Between Cannabis Use and Hospital Opioid Use With 30-Day Readmission Among Patients With Crohn’s Disease (N = 484)
	Yes (n = 92), n (%)	No (n = 392), n (%)	Univariable OR (95% CI)	P-value	Multivariable OR (95% CI)	P-value
^aOdds ratio was not computed for former alcohol users due to low cell counts. CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; CI: confidence interval; LOS: length of stay; OR: odds ratio; SD: standard deviation.
Main exposures
Cannabis use
Yes	5 (5.43)	37 (9.44)	0.55 (0.21 - 1.45)	0.2256	0.59 (0.22 - 1.62)	0.3079
No	87 (94.57)	355 (90.56)	Reference		Reference
Hospital opioid use
Yes	39 (42.39)	132 (33.67)	1.45 (0.91 - 2.31)	0.1166	1.45 (0.89 - 2.33)	0.1343
No	53 (57.61)	260 (66.33)	Reference		Reference
Patient characteristics
Age (years)
Mean (SD)	44.64 (19.12)	44.34 (19.15)	1.00 (0.99 - 1.01)	0.8924	-	-
Gender
Female	48 (52.17)	212 (54.08)	0.92 (0.59 - 1.46)	0.7412	-	-
Male	44 (47.83)	180 (45.92)	Reference		-	-
Race
African American/Black	21 (22.83)	64 (16.33)	1.68 (0.95 - 3.01)	0.0731	1.99 (1.08 - 3.67)	0.0261
Asian	4 (4.35)	13 (3.32)	1.58 (0.50 - 5.06)	0.4360	2.12 (0.65 - 6.93)	0.2116
Other/multiracial	14 (15.22)	42 (10.71)	1.72 (0.87 - 3.37)	0.1152	2.01 (1.00 - 4.04)	0.0484
White	53 (57.61)	273 (69.64)	Reference
Tobacco use
Current	12 (13.04)	47 (11.99)	1.14 (0.57 - 2.30)	0.7144	-	-
Former	17 (18.48)	53 (13.52)	1.43 (0.77 - 2.67)	0.2575	-	-
Never	54 (58.70)	241 (61.48)	Reference		-	-
Unknown	9 (9.78)	51 (13.01)	0.79 (0.36 - 1.70)	0.5421	-	-
Alcohol use
Current	13 (14.13)	71 (18.11)	0.76 (0.38 - 1.53)	0.4486	-	-
Former^a	0 (0.00)	6 (1.53)	NA	NA	-	-
Never	38 (41.30)	159 (40.56)	Reference		-	-
Unknown	41 (44.57)	156 (39.80)	1.11 (0.67 - 1.80)	0.7059	-	-
Clinical characteristics
Anxiety
Yes	11 (11.96)	47 (11.99)	1.00 (0.49 - 2.01)	0.9929	-	-
No	81 (88.04)	345 (88.01)	Reference		-	-
Depression
Yes	3 (3.26)	33 (8.42)	0.37 (0.11 - 1.23)	0.1024	0.35 (0.10 - 1.22)	0.0995
No	89 (96.74)	359 (91.58)	Reference
CCI
Mean (SD)	2.79 (3.59)	1.86 (2.40)	1.12 (1.11 - 1.23)	0.1024	1.15 (1.07 - 1.25)	0.0005
LOS (days)
Mean (SD)	7.28 (6.33)	5.62 (7.70)	1.02 (1.00 - 1.05)	0.0790	-	-

Table 3. Association Between Cannabis Use and Hospital Opioid Use With 30-Day Readmission Among Patients With Crohn’s Disease (N = 484)

Yes (n = 92), n (%)

No (n = 392), n (%)

Univariable OR (95% CI)

P-value

Multivariable OR (95% CI)

P-value

^aOdds ratio was not computed for former alcohol users due to low cell counts. CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; CI: confidence interval; LOS: length of stay; OR: odds ratio; SD: standard deviation.

Main exposures

Cannabis use

Yes

5 (5.43)

37 (9.44)

0.55 (0.21 - 1.45)

0.2256

0.59 (0.22 - 1.62)

0.3079

87 (94.57)

355 (90.56)

Reference

Hospital opioid use

Yes

39 (42.39)

132 (33.67)

1.45 (0.91 - 2.31)

0.1166

1.45 (0.89 - 2.33)

0.1343

53 (57.61)

260 (66.33)

Reference

Patient characteristics

Age (years)

Mean (SD)

44.64 (19.12)

44.34 (19.15)

1.00 (0.99 - 1.01)

0.8924

Gender

Female

48 (52.17)

212 (54.08)

0.92 (0.59 - 1.46)

0.7412

Male

44 (47.83)

180 (45.92)

Reference

Race

African American/Black

21 (22.83)

64 (16.33)

1.68 (0.95 - 3.01)

0.0731

1.99 (1.08 - 3.67)

0.0261

Asian

4 (4.35)

13 (3.32)

1.58 (0.50 - 5.06)

0.4360

2.12 (0.65 - 6.93)

0.2116

Other/multiracial

14 (15.22)

42 (10.71)

1.72 (0.87 - 3.37)

0.1152

2.01 (1.00 - 4.04)

0.0484

White

53 (57.61)

273 (69.64)

Reference

Tobacco use

Current

12 (13.04)

47 (11.99)

1.14 (0.57 - 2.30)

0.7144

Former

17 (18.48)

53 (13.52)

1.43 (0.77 - 2.67)

0.2575

Never

54 (58.70)

241 (61.48)

Reference

Unknown

9 (9.78)

51 (13.01)

0.79 (0.36 - 1.70)

0.5421

Alcohol use

Current

13 (14.13)

71 (18.11)

0.76 (0.38 - 1.53)

0.4486

Former^a

0 (0.00)

6 (1.53)

Never

38 (41.30)

159 (40.56)

Reference

Unknown

41 (44.57)

156 (39.80)

1.11 (0.67 - 1.80)

0.7059

Clinical characteristics

Anxiety

Yes

11 (11.96)

47 (11.99)

1.00 (0.49 - 2.01)

0.9929

81 (88.04)

345 (88.01)

Reference

Depression

Yes

3 (3.26)

33 (8.42)

0.37 (0.11 - 1.23)

0.1024

0.35 (0.10 - 1.22)

0.0995

89 (96.74)

359 (91.58)

Reference

CCI

Mean (SD)

2.79 (3.59)

1.86 (2.40)

1.12 (1.11 - 1.23)

0.1024

1.15 (1.07 - 1.25)

0.0005

LOS (days)

Mean (SD)

7.28 (6.33)

5.62 (7.70)

1.02 (1.00 - 1.05)

0.0790

**Table 4.** Association Between Cannabis Use and Hospital Opioid Use With 30-Day Readmission Among Patients With Ulcerative Colitis (N = 537)
	Yes (n = 92), n (%)	No (n = 445), n (%)	Univariable OR (95% CI)	P-value	Multivariable OR (95% CI)	P-value
CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; CI: confidence interval; LOS: length of stay; OR: odds ratio; SD: standard deviation.
Main exposures
Cannabis use
Yes	10 (10.87)	22 (4.94)	2.34 (1.07 - 5.14)	0.0331	2.48 (1.06 - 5.79)	0.0363
No	82 (89.13)	423 (95.06)	Reference		Reference
Hospital opioid use
Yes	26 (28.26)	125 (28.09)	1.01 (0.61 - 1.66)	0.9735	0.79 (0.46 - 1.36)	0.3958
No	66 (71.74)	320 (71.91)	Reference		Reference
Patient characteristics
Age (years)
Mean (SD)	48.80 (22.15)	45.50 (20.97)	1.01 (1.00 - 1.02)	0.1740	-	-
Gender
Female	49 (53.26)	233 (52.36)	1.04 (0.66 - 1.63)	0.8748	-	-
Male	43 (46.74)	212 (47.64)	Reference		-	-
Race
African American/Black	7 (7.61)	58 (13.03)	0.47 (0.21 - 1.08)	0.0740	0.39 (0.16 - 0.95)	0.0369
Asian	5 (5.43)	32 (7.19)	0.61 (0.23 - 1.62)	0.3212	0.57 (0.21 - 1.55)	0.2698
Other/multiracial	9 (9.78)	78 (17.53)	0.45 (0.21 - 0.94)	0.0339	0.38 (0.18 - 0.84)	0.0163
White	71 (77.17)	277 (62.25)	Reference		Reference
Tobacco use
Current	5 (5.43)	36 (8.09)	0.77 (0.29 - 2.07)	0.6094	-	-
Former	23 (25.00)	79 (17.75)	1.62 (0.93 - 2.83)	0.0877	-	-
Never	49 (53.26)	273 (61.35)	Reference		-	-
Unknown	15 (16.30)	57 (12.81)	1.46 (0.77 - 2.80)	0.2449	-	-
Alcohol use
Current	12 (13.04)	83 (18.65)	0.78 (0.38 - 1.59)	0.4926	-	-
Former	6 (6.52)	12 (2.70)	2.69 (0.94 - 7.71)	0.0635	-	-
Never	33 (35.87)	178 (40.00)	Reference		-	-
Unknown	41 (44.57)	172 (38.65)	1.28 (0.78 - 2.13)	0.3283	-	-
Clinical characteristics
Anxiety
Yes	7 (7.61)	40 (8.99)	0.84 (0.36 - 1.93)	0.6702	-	-
No	85 (92.39)	405 (91.01)	Reference		-	-
Depression
Yes	5 (5.43)	24 (5.39)	1.01 (0.37 - 2.72)	0.9872	-	-
No	87 (94.57)	421 (94.61)	Reference		-	-
CCI
Mean (SD)	2.99 (3.43)	2.14 (2.93)	1.08 (1.02 - 1.16)	0.0154	-	-
LOS (days)
Mean (SD)	10.03 (9.77)	6.14 (5.71)	1.07 (1.04 - 1.10)	< 0.0001	1.07 (1.04 - 1.11)	< 0.0001

Table 4. Association Between Cannabis Use and Hospital Opioid Use With 30-Day Readmission Among Patients With Ulcerative Colitis (N = 537)

Yes (n = 92), n (%)

No (n = 445), n (%)

Univariable OR (95% CI)

P-value

Multivariable OR (95% CI)

P-value

CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; CI: confidence interval; LOS: length of stay; OR: odds ratio; SD: standard deviation.

Main exposures

Cannabis use

Yes

10 (10.87)

22 (4.94)

2.34 (1.07 - 5.14)

0.0331

2.48 (1.06 - 5.79)

0.0363

82 (89.13)

423 (95.06)

Reference

Hospital opioid use

Yes

26 (28.26)

125 (28.09)

1.01 (0.61 - 1.66)

0.9735

0.79 (0.46 - 1.36)

0.3958

66 (71.74)

320 (71.91)

Reference

Patient characteristics

Age (years)

Mean (SD)

48.80 (22.15)

45.50 (20.97)

1.01 (1.00 - 1.02)

0.1740

Gender

Female

49 (53.26)

233 (52.36)

1.04 (0.66 - 1.63)

0.8748

Male

43 (46.74)

212 (47.64)

Reference

Race

African American/Black

7 (7.61)

58 (13.03)

0.47 (0.21 - 1.08)

0.0740

0.39 (0.16 - 0.95)

0.0369

Asian

5 (5.43)

32 (7.19)

0.61 (0.23 - 1.62)

0.3212

0.57 (0.21 - 1.55)

0.2698

Other/multiracial

9 (9.78)

78 (17.53)

0.45 (0.21 - 0.94)

0.0339

0.38 (0.18 - 0.84)

0.0163

White

71 (77.17)

277 (62.25)

Reference

Tobacco use

Current

5 (5.43)

36 (8.09)

0.77 (0.29 - 2.07)

0.6094

Former

23 (25.00)

79 (17.75)

1.62 (0.93 - 2.83)

0.0877

Never

49 (53.26)

273 (61.35)

Reference

Unknown

15 (16.30)

57 (12.81)

1.46 (0.77 - 2.80)

0.2449

Alcohol use

Current

12 (13.04)

83 (18.65)

0.78 (0.38 - 1.59)

0.4926

Former

6 (6.52)

12 (2.70)

2.69 (0.94 - 7.71)

0.0635

Never

33 (35.87)

178 (40.00)

Reference

Unknown

41 (44.57)

172 (38.65)

1.28 (0.78 - 2.13)

0.3283

Clinical characteristics

Anxiety

Yes

7 (7.61)

40 (8.99)

0.84 (0.36 - 1.93)

0.6702

85 (92.39)

405 (91.01)

Reference

Depression

Yes

5 (5.43)

24 (5.39)

1.01 (0.37 - 2.72)

0.9872

87 (94.57)

421 (94.61)

Reference

CCI

Mean (SD)

2.99 (3.43)

2.14 (2.93)

1.08 (1.02 - 1.16)

0.0154

LOS (days)

Mean (SD)

10.03 (9.77)

6.14 (5.71)

1.07 (1.04 - 1.10)

< 0.0001

1.07 (1.04 - 1.11)

< 0.0001

**Table 5.** Association Between Cannabis Use and Hospital Opioid Use With 90-Day Readmission (N = 1,021)
	Yes (n = 271), n (%)	No (n = 750), n (%)	Univariable OR (95% CI)	P-value	Multivariable OR (95% CI)	P-value
CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; CI: confidence interval; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; LOS: length of stay; OR: odds ratio; SD: standard deviation.
Main exposures
Cannabis use
Yes	21 (7.75)	53 (7.07)	1.11 (0.65 - 1.87)	0.7105	1.19 (0.68 - 2.05)	0.5537
No	250 (92.25)	697 (92.93)	Reference		Reference
Hospital opioid use
Yes	92 (33.95)	230 (30.67)	1.16 (0.86 - 1.56)	0.3192	1.01 (0.74 - 1.37)	0.9742
No	179 (66.05)	520 (69.33)	Reference		Reference
Patient characteristics
Age (years)
Mean (SD)	46.79 (20.43)	44.73 (20.16)	1.01 (1.00 - 1.01)	0.1502	0.99 (0.98 - 1.00)	0.0127
Gender
Female	118 (43.54)	361 (48.13)	1.21 (0.91 - 1.59)	0.1946	1.27 (0.95 - 1.70)	0.1024
Male	153 (56.46)	389 (51.87)	Reference		-	-
Race
African American/Black	43 (15.87)	107 (14.27)	1.07 (0.72 - 1.58)	0.7347	-	-
Asian	12 (4.43)	42 (5.60)	0.76 (0.39 - 1.48)	0.4195	-	-
Other/multiracial	32 (11.81)	111 (14.80)	0.77 (0.50 - 1.18)	0.2263	-	-
White	184 (67.90)	490 (65.33)	Reference		-	-
Tobacco use
Current	32 (11.81)	68 (9.07)	1.42 (0.89 - 2.24)	0.1376	-	-
Former	54 (19.93)	118 (15.73)	1.38 (0.95 - 1.99)	0.0910	-	-
Never	154 (56.83)	463 (61.73)	Reference		-	-
Unknown	31 (11.44)	101 (13.47)	0.92 (0.59 - 1.44)	0.7215	-	-
Alcohol use
Current	38 (14.02)	141 (18.80)	0.70 (0.46 - 1.07)	0.0998	-	-
Former	7 (2.58)	17 (2.27)	1.07 (0.43 - 2.66)	0.8758	-	-
Never	113 (41.70)	295 (39.33)	Reference		-	-
Unknown	113 (41.70)	297 (39.60)	0.99 (0.73 - 1.35)	0.9655	-	-
Clinical characteristics
Anxiety
Yes	30 (11.07)	75 (10.00)	1.12 (0.72 - 1.75)	0.6193	-	-
No	241 (88.93)	675 (90.00)	Reference		-	-
Depression
Yes	17 (6.27)	48 (6.40)	0.98 (0.55 - 1.73)	0.9415	-	-
No	254 (93.73)	702 (93.60)	Reference		-	-
IBD type
Crohn’s disease	141 (52.03)	343 (45.73)	1.28 (0.97 - 1.70)	0.0755	1.36 (1.02 - 1.81)	0.0363
Ulcerative colitis	130 (47.97)	407 (54.27)	Reference		Reference
CCI
Mean (SD)	2.80 (3.32)	1.94 (2.66)	1.11 (1.05 - 1.15)	< 0.0001	1.16 (1.08 - 1.25)	< 0.0001
LOS (days)
Mean (SD)	8.10 (7.62)	5.77 (6.82)	1.04 (1.02 - 1.07)	< 0.0001	1.04 (1.02 - 1.06)	0.0002

Table 5. Association Between Cannabis Use and Hospital Opioid Use With 90-Day Readmission (N = 1,021)

Yes (n = 271), n (%)

No (n = 750), n (%)

Univariable OR (95% CI)

P-value

Multivariable OR (95% CI)

P-value

CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; CI: confidence interval; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; LOS: length of stay; OR: odds ratio; SD: standard deviation.

Main exposures

Cannabis use

Yes

21 (7.75)

53 (7.07)

1.11 (0.65 - 1.87)

0.7105

1.19 (0.68 - 2.05)

0.5537

250 (92.25)

697 (92.93)

Reference

Hospital opioid use

Yes

92 (33.95)

230 (30.67)

1.16 (0.86 - 1.56)

0.3192

1.01 (0.74 - 1.37)

0.9742

179 (66.05)

520 (69.33)

Reference

Patient characteristics

Age (years)

Mean (SD)

46.79 (20.43)

44.73 (20.16)

1.01 (1.00 - 1.01)

0.1502

0.99 (0.98 - 1.00)

0.0127

Gender

Female

118 (43.54)

361 (48.13)

1.21 (0.91 - 1.59)

0.1946

1.27 (0.95 - 1.70)

0.1024

Male

153 (56.46)

389 (51.87)

Reference

Race

African American/Black

43 (15.87)

107 (14.27)

1.07 (0.72 - 1.58)

0.7347

Asian

12 (4.43)

42 (5.60)

0.76 (0.39 - 1.48)

0.4195

Other/multiracial

32 (11.81)

111 (14.80)

0.77 (0.50 - 1.18)

0.2263

White

184 (67.90)

490 (65.33)

Reference

Tobacco use

Current

32 (11.81)

68 (9.07)

1.42 (0.89 - 2.24)

0.1376

Former

54 (19.93)

118 (15.73)

1.38 (0.95 - 1.99)

0.0910

Never

154 (56.83)

463 (61.73)

Reference

Unknown

31 (11.44)

101 (13.47)

0.92 (0.59 - 1.44)

0.7215

Alcohol use

Current

38 (14.02)

141 (18.80)

0.70 (0.46 - 1.07)

0.0998

Former

7 (2.58)

17 (2.27)

1.07 (0.43 - 2.66)

0.8758

Never

113 (41.70)

295 (39.33)

Reference

Unknown

113 (41.70)

297 (39.60)

0.99 (0.73 - 1.35)

0.9655

Clinical characteristics

Anxiety

Yes

30 (11.07)

75 (10.00)

1.12 (0.72 - 1.75)

0.6193

241 (88.93)

675 (90.00)

Reference

Depression

Yes

17 (6.27)

48 (6.40)

0.98 (0.55 - 1.73)

0.9415

254 (93.73)

702 (93.60)

Reference

IBD type

Crohn’s disease

141 (52.03)

343 (45.73)

1.28 (0.97 - 1.70)

0.0755

1.36 (1.02 - 1.81)

0.0363

Ulcerative colitis

130 (47.97)

407 (54.27)

Reference

CCI

Mean (SD)

2.80 (3.32)

1.94 (2.66)

1.11 (1.05 - 1.15)

< 0.0001

1.16 (1.08 - 1.25)

< 0.0001

LOS (days)

Mean (SD)

8.10 (7.62)

5.77 (6.82)

1.04 (1.02 - 1.07)

< 0.0001

1.04 (1.02 - 1.06)

0.0002