J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 15, Number 1, January 2023, pages 23-30

Factors Influencing Sarcopenic Changes in YUBI-WAKKA Finger-Ring Test Results After One Year: A Retrospective Observational Study

Figure 1. Answers to the questionnaire and the results of YUBI-WAKKA test (Chi-square test). Question 1 (upper): Did you explain your patients how to do the YUBI-WAKKA test? P < 0.001 by Chi-square test. Question 2 (lower): Did your patients do the YUBI-WAKKA test under observation of medical staff? P < 0.001 by Chi-square test. It indicates that the null hypothesis was rejected between the distributions of the two groups.

**Table 1.** The Distribution of the Results of the Finger-Ring Test in 2017 and 2018
Finger-ring test	Year	Larger	Just fits	Smaller	Sum
Data are represented as n (%).
Men	2017	859 (40.3)	975 (45.8)	295 (13.9)	2,129 (100)
	2018	736 (42.9)	735 (42.8)	245 (14.3)	1,716 (100)
Women	2017	1,237 (37.8)	1,492 (45.5)	547 (16.7)	3,276 (100)
	2018	1,084 (40.5)	1,170 (43.7)	421 (15.7)	2,675 (100)
All	2017	2,096 (38.8)	2,467 (45.6)	842 (15.6)	5,405 (100)
	2018	1,820 (41.4)	1,905 (43.4)	666 (15.2)	4,391 (100)

Table 1. The Distribution of the Results of the Finger-Ring Test in 2017 and 2018

Finger-ring test

Year

Larger

Just fits

Smaller

Sum

Data are represented as n (%).

Men

2017

859 (40.3)

975 (45.8)

295 (13.9)

2,129 (100)

2018

736 (42.9)

735 (42.8)

245 (14.3)

1,716 (100)

Women

2017

1,237 (37.8)

1,492 (45.5)

547 (16.7)

3,276 (100)

2018

1,084 (40.5)

1,170 (43.7)

421 (15.7)

2,675 (100)

All

2017

2,096 (38.8)

2,467 (45.6)

842 (15.6)

5,405 (100)

2018

1,820 (41.4)

1,905 (43.4)

666 (15.2)

4,391 (100)

**Table 2.** The Intra-Individual Concordance of the Results Between Baseline (2017) and the Second Year (2018)
2017	Men	2018	n	%	Women	2018	n	%	Total	2018	n	%
^aThe number of concordant individuals between the 2 years. “Larger” means the examinees have larger calves than their own finger-ring. “Smaller” means they have smaller calves than their finger-ring.
Larger	562	Larger	411	73.1^a	808	Larger	586	72.5^a	1,370	Larger	997	72.8^a
		Just Fits	125	22.2		Just Fits	197	24.4		Just Fits	322	23.5
		Smaller	26	4.63		Smaller	25	3.09		Smaller	51	3.72
Just fits	605	Larger	127	21.0	985	Larger	254	25.8	1,590	Larger	381	24.0
		Just fits	408	67.4^a		Just Fits	601	61.0^a		Just Fits	1,009	63.5^a
		Smaller	70	11.6		Smaller	130	13.2		Smaller	200	12.6
Smaller	181	Larger	24	13.3	340	Larger	38	11.2	521	Larger	62	11.9
		Just Fits	64	35.4		Just Fits	124	36.5		Just Fits	188	36.1
		Smaller	93	51.4^a		Smaller	178	52.4^a		Smaller	271	52.0^a

Table 2. The Intra-Individual Concordance of the Results Between Baseline (2017) and the Second Year (2018)

2017

Men

2018

Women

2018

Total

2018

^aThe number of concordant individuals between the 2 years. “Larger” means the examinees have larger calves than their own finger-ring. “Smaller” means they have smaller calves than their finger-ring.

Larger

562

Larger

411

73.1^a

808

Larger

586

72.5^a

1,370

Larger

997

72.8^a

Just Fits

125

22.2

Just Fits

197

24.4

Just Fits

322

23.5

Smaller

4.63

Smaller

3.09

Smaller

3.72

Just fits

605

Larger

127

21.0

985

Larger

254

25.8

1,590

Larger

381

24.0

Just fits

408

67.4^a

Just Fits

601

61.0^a

Just Fits

1,009

63.5^a

Smaller

11.6

Smaller

130

13.2

Smaller

200

12.6

Smaller

181

Larger

13.3

340

Larger

11.2

521

Larger

11.9

Just Fits

35.4

Just Fits

124

36.5

Just Fits

188

36.1

Smaller

51.4^a

Smaller

178

52.4^a

Smaller

271

52.0^a

**Table 3.** The Comparison of the Baseline Data Between “Larger” and “Smaller” Groups
	Men	Women
Data are presented as means and percentages. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Japanese definition is central obesity (85 cm for men and 90 cm for women) with any two of TG ≥ 150 mg/dL; HDL-C < 40 mg/dL; SBP ≥ 130 mm Hg and/or DBP ≥ 85 mm Hg; and fasting glucose ≥ 110 mg/dL. Pre-MetS: central obesity with one positive among others. BH: body height; BW: body weight; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; RBC: red blood cell; Hb: hemoglobin; ALB: albumin; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; Cr: creatinine; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; CCr: creatinine clearance; CK: creatinine kinase; AST: asparagine aminotransferase; ALT: alanine transaminase; gGTP: gamma glutamyl transpeptidase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; AMY: amylase; UA: uric acid; GPT: glutamic pyruvic transaminase; GOT: glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase.
N	859	295		1,237	547
Age (years)	70.1	70.5	0.036	70.1	70.2	0.289
BH (cm)	165.8	166.7	0.022	151.9	152.8	0.002
BW (kg)	68.6	58.0	0.000	55.4	46.0	0.000
BMI (kg/m²)	24.9	20.8	0.000	24.0	19.7	0.000
Waist circumference (cm)	89.1	79.2	0.000	85.4	75.1	0.000
SBP (mm Hg)	130.7	130.5	0.877	129.3	126.8	0.003
DBP (mm Hg)	76.0	75.4	0.356	73.5	72.0	0.004
No MetS (%)	36.0	82.7	0.000	73.3	96.3	0.000
Pre-MetS (%)	22.9	7.1		8.7	1.5
MetS (%)	41.1	10.2		17.9	2.2
HbA1c (%)	5.9	5.8	0.009	5.8	5.6	0.000
FPG (mg/dL)	104.8	101.7	0.090	100.6	94.5	0.000
RBC (× 10⁴/mm³)	469.8	457.5	0.000	442.6	437.2	0.004
Hb (g/dL)	14.7	14.4	0.000	13.4	13.3	0.262
ALB (mg/dL)	4.3	4.2	0.000	4.3	4.3	0.854
HDL-C (mg/dL)	55.7	62.5	0.000	65.7	72.3	0.000
LDL-C (mg/dL)	116.8	111.1	0.002	125.9	126.5	0.650
TG (mg/dL)	135.6	112.5	0.000	112.4	99.2	0.000
Cr (mg/dL)	0.9	0.9	0.665	0.7	0.6	0.031
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)	67.9	72.0	0.000	70.5	72.8	0.002
CCr (mL/min)	77.6	68.4	0.000	72.7	61.9	0.000
CK (mg/dL)	146.5	123.5	0.000	110.4	106.4	0.302
GOT/AST (IU/L)	26.1	25.5	0.391	25.8	24.0	0.331
GPT/ALT (IU/L)	24.7	19.5	0.000	21.6	17.8	0.000
gGTP (IU/L)	45.0	51.8	0.000	28.8	26.0	0.033
ALP (mg/dL)	208.3	230.1	0.000	228.7	221.2	0.026
AMY (mg/dL)	85.1	94.0	0.000	81.9	91.3	0.000
UA (mg/dL)	6.0	5.8	0.001	4.9	4.6	0.000

Table 3. The Comparison of the Baseline Data Between “Larger” and “Smaller” Groups

Men

Women

Larger

Smaller

P-value

Larger

Smaller

P-value

Data are presented as means and percentages. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Japanese definition is central obesity (85 cm for men and 90 cm for women) with any two of TG ≥ 150 mg/dL; HDL-C < 40 mg/dL; SBP ≥ 130 mm Hg and/or DBP ≥ 85 mm Hg; and fasting glucose ≥ 110 mg/dL. Pre-MetS: central obesity with one positive among others. BH: body height; BW: body weight; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; RBC: red blood cell; Hb: hemoglobin; ALB: albumin; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; Cr: creatinine; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; CCr: creatinine clearance; CK: creatinine kinase; AST: asparagine aminotransferase; ALT: alanine transaminase; gGTP: gamma glutamyl transpeptidase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; AMY: amylase; UA: uric acid; GPT: glutamic pyruvic transaminase; GOT: glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase.

859

295

1,237

547

Age (years)

70.1

70.5

0.036

70.1

70.2

0.289

BH (cm)

165.8

166.7

0.022

151.9

152.8

0.002

BW (kg)

68.6

58.0

0.000

55.4

46.0

0.000

BMI (kg/m²)

24.9

20.8

0.000

24.0

19.7

0.000

Waist circumference (cm)

89.1

79.2

0.000

85.4

75.1

0.000

SBP (mm Hg)

130.7

130.5

0.877

129.3

126.8

0.003

DBP (mm Hg)

76.0

75.4

0.356

73.5

72.0

0.004

No MetS (%)

36.0

82.7

0.000

73.3

96.3

0.000

Pre-MetS (%)

22.9

7.1

8.7

1.5

MetS (%)

41.1

10.2

17.9

2.2

HbA1c (%)

5.9

5.8

0.009

5.8

5.6

0.000

FPG (mg/dL)

104.8

101.7

0.090

100.6

94.5

0.000

RBC (× 10⁴/mm³)

469.8

457.5

0.000

442.6

437.2

0.004

Hb (g/dL)

14.7

14.4

0.000

13.4

13.3

0.262

ALB (mg/dL)

4.3

4.2

0.000

4.3

0.854

HDL-C (mg/dL)

55.7

62.5

0.000

65.7

72.3

0.000

LDL-C (mg/dL)

116.8

111.1

0.002

125.9

126.5

0.650

TG (mg/dL)

135.6

112.5

0.000

112.4

99.2

0.000

Cr (mg/dL)

0.9

0.665

0.7

0.6

0.031

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

67.9

72.0

0.000

70.5

72.8

0.002

CCr (mL/min)

77.6

68.4

0.000

72.7

61.9

0.000

CK (mg/dL)

146.5

123.5

0.000

110.4

106.4

0.302

GOT/AST (IU/L)

26.1

25.5

0.391

25.8

24.0

0.331

GPT/ALT (IU/L)

24.7

19.5

0.000

21.6

17.8

0.000

gGTP (IU/L)

45.0

51.8

0.000

28.8

26.0

0.033

ALP (mg/dL)

208.3

230.1

0.000

228.7

221.2

0.026

AMY (mg/dL)

85.1

94.0

0.000

81.9

91.3

0.000

UA (mg/dL)

6.0

5.8

0.001

4.9

4.6

0.000

**Table 4.** Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis of the Related Factors to the Change of “Larger” to “Smaller” Calves Than Finger-Rings From the Baseline to Second Year (Forced Entry Method)
Men (R² = 0.548, n = 289)
UA in 2017	0.219 (0.066 - 0.730)
Only statistically significant factors were shown in the table. All variables of age, BMI, WC, SBP, DBP, no-, pre-, and MetS, HbA1c, FPG, RBC, Hb, ALB, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, Cr, eGFR, CCr, CK, AST/GOT, ALT/GPT, gGTP, ALP, AMY, and UA are entered simultaneously. We also entered the change of the values in 2 years: dBMI, dHbA1c, dHb, dALB, dHDL-C, dLDL-C, dTG, dCr, deGFR, dCK, dAST/GOT, dALT/GPT, dgGTP, dALP, dAMY, and dUA. d (delta) means the subtraction from the value of 2018’s to 2017’s. ALB: albumin; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ALT: alanine transaminase; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; CCr: creatinine clearance; UA: uric acid; BH: body height; BW: body weight; BMI: body mass index.
dHb (2018-17)	19.488 (1.298 - 292.692)
dGPT/ALT (2018-17)	1.484 (1.069 - 2.059)
BMI in 2017	0.353 (0.177 - 0.702)
dBMI (2018-17)	0.244 (0.065 - 0.925)

Table 4. Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis of the Related Factors to the Change of “Larger” to “Smaller” Calves Than Finger-Rings From the Baseline to Second Year (Forced Entry Method)

Men (R² = 0.548, n = 289)

Odds ratio (95% CI)

UA in 2017

0.219 (0.066 - 0.730)

Women (R² = 0.478, n = 433)

Odds ratio (95% CI)

Only statistically significant factors were shown in the table. All variables of age, BMI, WC, SBP, DBP, no-, pre-, and MetS, HbA1c, FPG, RBC, Hb, ALB, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, Cr, eGFR, CCr, CK, AST/GOT, ALT/GPT, gGTP, ALP, AMY, and UA are entered simultaneously. We also entered the change of the values in 2 years: dBMI, dHbA1c, dHb, dALB, dHDL-C, dLDL-C, dTG, dCr, deGFR, dCK, dAST/GOT, dALT/GPT, dgGTP, dALP, dAMY, and dUA. d (delta) means the subtraction from the value of 2018’s to 2017’s. ALB: albumin; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ALT: alanine transaminase; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; CCr: creatinine clearance; UA: uric acid; BH: body height; BW: body weight; BMI: body mass index.

dHb (2018-17)

19.488 (1.298 - 292.692)

dGPT/ALT (2018-17)

1.484 (1.069 - 2.059)

BMI in 2017

0.353 (0.177 - 0.702)

dBMI (2018-17)

0.244 (0.065 - 0.925)