J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 14, Number 9, September 2022, pages 364-376

Frailty in Portuguese Older Patients From Convalescence Units: A Cross-Sectional Study

**Table 1.** Sociodemographic Characterization of the Sample
	Total (n = 165)	Non-frail (n = 33)	Frail (n = 132)	P-value
^aMarried vs. others. ^bNone vs. others. CS: Chi-square test; MW: Mann-Whitney test; FT: Fisher’s test.
Gender, n (%)				CS: 0.002
Male	58 (35.2%)	19 (57.6%)	39 (29.5%)
Female	107 (64.8%)	14 (42.4%)	93 (70.5%)
Age (years), median (min. - max.)	77.0 (60.0 - 96.0)	76.0 (60.0 - 88.0)	77.0 (60.0 - 96.0)	MW: 0.297
Marital status, n (%)				FT: 0.016^a
Single	23 (14.0%)	0 (0.0%)	23 (17.6%)
Married/living with partner	45 (27.4%)	8 (24.2%)	37 (28.2%)
Separated/divorced	17 (10.4%)	5 (15.2%)	12 (9.2%)
Widowed	79 (48.2%)	20 (60.6%)	59 (45.0%)
Living area, n (%)				CS: 0.937
Urban	74 (44.8%)	15 (45.5%)	59 (44.7%)
Rural	91 (55.2%)	18 (54.5%)	73 (55.3%)
Educational level, n (%)				FT: 0.118^b
None	31 (18.9%)	3 (9.1%)	28 (21.4%)
1 - 4 years	99 (60.4%)	22 (66.7%)	77 (58.8%)
5 - 6 years	12 (7.3%)	2 (6.1%)	10 (7.6%)
7 - 9 years	10 (6.1%)	5 (15.2%)	5 (3.8%)
10 - 12 years	-	-	-
University	1 (0.6%)	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.8%)
Other	11 (6.7%)	1 (3.0%)	10 (7.6%)

Table 1. Sociodemographic Characterization of the Sample

Total (n = 165)

Non-frail (n = 33)

Frail (n = 132)

P-value

^aMarried vs. others. ^bNone vs. others. CS: Chi-square test; MW: Mann-Whitney test; FT: Fisher’s test.

Gender, n (%)

CS: 0.002

Male

58 (35.2%)

19 (57.6%)

39 (29.5%)

Female

107 (64.8%)

14 (42.4%)

93 (70.5%)

Age (years), median (min. - max.)

77.0 (60.0 - 96.0)

76.0 (60.0 - 88.0)

77.0 (60.0 - 96.0)

MW: 0.297

Marital status, n (%)

FT: 0.016^a

Single

23 (14.0%)

0 (0.0%)

23 (17.6%)

Married/living with partner

45 (27.4%)

8 (24.2%)

37 (28.2%)

Separated/divorced

17 (10.4%)

5 (15.2%)

12 (9.2%)

Widowed

79 (48.2%)

20 (60.6%)

59 (45.0%)

Living area, n (%)

CS: 0.937

Urban

74 (44.8%)

15 (45.5%)

59 (44.7%)

Rural

91 (55.2%)

18 (54.5%)

73 (55.3%)

Educational level, n (%)

FT: 0.118^b

None

31 (18.9%)

3 (9.1%)

28 (21.4%)

1 - 4 years

99 (60.4%)

22 (66.7%)

77 (58.8%)

5 - 6 years

12 (7.3%)

2 (6.1%)

10 (7.6%)

7 - 9 years

10 (6.1%)

5 (15.2%)

5 (3.8%)

10 - 12 years

University

1 (0.6%)

0 (0.0%)

1 (0.8%)

Other

11 (6.7%)

1 (3.0%)

10 (7.6%)

**Table 2.** Health-Related Parameters of the Study
	Total (n = 165)	Non-frail (n = 33)	Frail (n = 132)	P-value
Missing data: marital status (n = 1), educational level (n = 1), number of medicines per day (n = 2). CS: Chi-square test; MW: Mann-Whitney test; FT: Fisher’s test; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.
Weight (kg), mean (SD)	68.62 (14.04)	71.71 (11.42)	67.88 (14.54)	FT: 0.173
Height (cm), median (min. - max.)	160.0 (148.0 - 184.0)	165.0 (148.0 - 175.0)	160.0 (148.0 - 184.0)	MW: 0.005
BMI (kg/m²), median (min. - max.)	25.5 (13.0 - 42.8)	25.6 (18.3 - 34.3)	25.3 (13.0 - 42.8)	MW: 0.528
Weight loss in the previous year, n (%)	87 (55.4%)	13 (40.6%)	74 (59.2%)	CS: 0.059
SBP (mm Hg), median (min. - max.)	120.0 (86.0 - 181.0)	120.0 (95.0 - 181.0)	120.0 (86.0 - 160.0)	MW: 0.812
DBP (mm Hg), median (min. - max.)	70.0 (40.0 - 100.0)	70.0 (42.0 - 82.0)	70.0 (40.0 - 100.0)	MW: 0.812
Hospitalized in the previous year, n (%)	125 (76.2%)	26 (78.8%)	99 (75.6%)	CS: 0.698
Number of hospitalizations in the previous year, median (min. - max.)	1.0 (1.0 - 8.0)	1.0 (1.0 - 1.0)	1.0 (1.0 - 8.0)	MW: 0.018
Frequently tired in the previous 3 months, n (%)	94 (57.0%)	10 (30.3%)	84 (63.6%)	CS: 0.000
Feeling full of energy at this time, n (%)	71 (43.0%)	23 (69.7%)	48 (31.3%)	CS: 0.000
Sphincter incontinence (urine/feces), n (%)	49 (29.7%)	3 (9.1%)	46 (34.8%)	CS: 0.004
Memory changes, n (%)	65 (39.9%)	10 (30.3%)	55 (42.3%)	CS: 0.208
Pacemaker holder, n (%)	11 (7.0%)	1 (3.2%)	10 (7.9%)	FT: 0.694
Cardiac disease, n (%)	72 (50.3%)	8 (27.6%)	64 (56.1%)	CS: 0.006
Heart failure, n (%)	37 (67.3%)	3 (60.0%)	34 (68.0%)	FT: > 0.999
Auricular fibrillation, n (%)	31 (56.4%)	2 (40.0%)	29 (58.0%)	FT: 0.643
Neurologic disease, n (%)	54 (40.6%)	9 (32.1%)	45 (42.9%)	FT: 0.388
Stroke, n (%)	31 (57.4%)	5 (55.6%)	26 (57.8%)	FT: > 0.999
Parkinson disease, n (%)	1 (1.9%)	-	1 (2.2%)	FT: > 0.999
Mild cognitive impairment, n (%)	15 (27.8%)	4 (44.4%)	11 (24.4%)	FT: 0.244
Vascular disease, n (%)	52 (39.1%)	6 (21.4%)	46 (43.8%)	CS: 0.031
Respiratory disease, n (%)	28 (21.7%)	2 (6.9%)	26 (26.0%)	CS: 0.028
Asthma, n (%)	6 (24.0%)	1 (50.0%)	5 (21.7%)	FT: 0.430
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%)	19 (76.0%)	1 (50.0%)	18 (78.3%)	FT: 0.430
Osteoarticular disease, n (%)	96 (71.1%)	17 (58.6%)	79 (74.5%)	CS: 0.094
Gastrointestinal disease, n (%)	25 (18.4%)	3 (10.3%)	22 (20.6%)	CS: 0.208
Diabetes/other metabolic disease, n (%)	55 (37.4%)	8 (25.8%)	47 (40.5%)	CS: 0.132
Depression/other psychiatric disease, n (%)	51 (37.2%)	5 (17.9%)	46 (42.2%)	CS: 0.018
Number of medicines per day, n (%)				FT: 0.088
None	5 (3.1%)	2 (6.1%)	3 (2.3%)
1 - 5	55 (33.7%)	15 (45.5%)	40 (30.8%)
> 5	103 (63.2%)	16 (48.5%)	87 (66.9%)
Vision problems, n (%)	109 (67.3%)	15 (46.9%)	94 (72.3%)	CS: 0.006
Hearing problems, n (%)	40 (24.4%)	5 (15.6%)	35 (26.5%)	CS: 0.198
Difficulty in walking in the previous 3 months, n (%)	142 (86.1%)	24 (72.7%)	118 (89.4%)	FT: 0.022
Difficulty in climbing stairs in the previous 3 months, n (%)	140 (85.4%)	24 (72.7%)	116 (88.5%)	FT: 0.029
Use of walking auxiliary, n (%)	112 (68.7%)	21 (63.6%)	91 (70.0%)	CS: 0.481
Chronic wound, n (%)	6 (3.6%)	-	6 (4.5%)	FT: 0.601
Feeling any kind of pain, n (%)	86 (52.4%)	10 (30.3%)	76 (58.0%)	CS: 0.004
Having suffered a fall, n (%)	104 (63.4%)	16 (48.5%)	88 (67.2%)	CS: 0.046
Disability due to falls, n (%)	49 (48.5%)	8 (53.3%)	41 (47.7%)	CS: 0.686

Table 2. Health-Related Parameters of the Study

Total (n = 165)

Non-frail (n = 33)

Frail (n = 132)

P-value

Missing data: marital status (n = 1), educational level (n = 1), number of medicines per day (n = 2). CS: Chi-square test; MW: Mann-Whitney test; FT: Fisher’s test; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.

Weight (kg), mean (SD)

68.62 (14.04)

71.71 (11.42)

67.88 (14.54)

FT: 0.173

Height (cm), median (min. - max.)

160.0 (148.0 - 184.0)

165.0 (148.0 - 175.0)

160.0 (148.0 - 184.0)

MW: 0.005

BMI (kg/m²), median (min. - max.)

25.5 (13.0 - 42.8)

25.6 (18.3 - 34.3)

25.3 (13.0 - 42.8)

MW: 0.528

Weight loss in the previous year, n (%)

87 (55.4%)

13 (40.6%)

74 (59.2%)

CS: 0.059

SBP (mm Hg), median (min. - max.)

120.0 (86.0 - 181.0)

120.0 (95.0 - 181.0)

120.0 (86.0 - 160.0)

MW: 0.812

DBP (mm Hg), median (min. - max.)

70.0 (40.0 - 100.0)

70.0 (42.0 - 82.0)

70.0 (40.0 - 100.0)

MW: 0.812

Hospitalized in the previous year, n (%)

125 (76.2%)

26 (78.8%)

99 (75.6%)

CS: 0.698

Number of hospitalizations in the previous year, median (min. - max.)

1.0 (1.0 - 8.0)

1.0 (1.0 - 1.0)

1.0 (1.0 - 8.0)

MW: 0.018

Frequently tired in the previous 3 months, n (%)

94 (57.0%)

10 (30.3%)

84 (63.6%)

CS: 0.000

Feeling full of energy at this time, n (%)

71 (43.0%)

23 (69.7%)

48 (31.3%)

CS: 0.000

Sphincter incontinence (urine/feces), n (%)

49 (29.7%)

3 (9.1%)

46 (34.8%)

CS: 0.004

Memory changes, n (%)

65 (39.9%)

10 (30.3%)

55 (42.3%)

CS: 0.208

Pacemaker holder, n (%)

11 (7.0%)

1 (3.2%)

10 (7.9%)

FT: 0.694

Cardiac disease, n (%)

72 (50.3%)

8 (27.6%)

64 (56.1%)

CS: 0.006

Heart failure, n (%)

37 (67.3%)

3 (60.0%)

34 (68.0%)

FT: > 0.999

Auricular fibrillation, n (%)

31 (56.4%)

2 (40.0%)

29 (58.0%)

FT: 0.643

Neurologic disease, n (%)

54 (40.6%)

9 (32.1%)

45 (42.9%)

FT: 0.388

Stroke, n (%)

31 (57.4%)

5 (55.6%)

26 (57.8%)

FT: > 0.999

Parkinson disease, n (%)

1 (1.9%)

1 (2.2%)

FT: > 0.999

Mild cognitive impairment, n (%)

15 (27.8%)

4 (44.4%)

11 (24.4%)

FT: 0.244

Vascular disease, n (%)

52 (39.1%)

6 (21.4%)

46 (43.8%)

CS: 0.031

Respiratory disease, n (%)

28 (21.7%)

2 (6.9%)

26 (26.0%)

CS: 0.028

Asthma, n (%)

6 (24.0%)

1 (50.0%)

5 (21.7%)

FT: 0.430

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%)

19 (76.0%)

1 (50.0%)

18 (78.3%)

FT: 0.430

Osteoarticular disease, n (%)

96 (71.1%)

17 (58.6%)

79 (74.5%)

CS: 0.094

Gastrointestinal disease, n (%)

25 (18.4%)

3 (10.3%)

22 (20.6%)

CS: 0.208

Diabetes/other metabolic disease, n (%)

55 (37.4%)

8 (25.8%)

47 (40.5%)

CS: 0.132

Depression/other psychiatric disease, n (%)

51 (37.2%)

5 (17.9%)

46 (42.2%)

CS: 0.018

Number of medicines per day, n (%)

FT: 0.088

None

5 (3.1%)

2 (6.1%)

3 (2.3%)

1 - 5

55 (33.7%)

15 (45.5%)

40 (30.8%)

> 5

103 (63.2%)

16 (48.5%)

87 (66.9%)

Vision problems, n (%)

109 (67.3%)

15 (46.9%)

94 (72.3%)

CS: 0.006

Hearing problems, n (%)

40 (24.4%)

5 (15.6%)

35 (26.5%)

CS: 0.198

Difficulty in walking in the previous 3 months, n (%)

142 (86.1%)

24 (72.7%)

118 (89.4%)

FT: 0.022

Difficulty in climbing stairs in the previous 3 months, n (%)

140 (85.4%)

24 (72.7%)

116 (88.5%)

FT: 0.029

Use of walking auxiliary, n (%)

112 (68.7%)

21 (63.6%)

91 (70.0%)

CS: 0.481

Chronic wound, n (%)

6 (3.6%)

6 (4.5%)

FT: 0.601

Feeling any kind of pain, n (%)

86 (52.4%)

10 (30.3%)

76 (58.0%)

CS: 0.004

Having suffered a fall, n (%)

104 (63.4%)

16 (48.5%)

88 (67.2%)

CS: 0.046

Disability due to falls, n (%)

49 (48.5%)

8 (53.3%)

41 (47.7%)

CS: 0.686

**Table 3.** Lifestyle Parameters Assessment of the Study Sample
	Total (n = 165)	Non-frail (n = 33)	Frail (n = 132)	P-value
CS: Chi-square test; CSeT: Chi-square exact test; FT: Fisher’s test.
Sleeping hours per day, n (%)				CSeT: 0.270
Less than 5 h	27 (16.4%)	2 (6.1%)	25 (18.9%)
5 - 7 h	101 (61.2%)	22 (66.7%)	79 (59.8%)
8 - 10 h	36 (21.8%)	9 (27.3%)	27 (20.5%)
More than 10 h	1 (0.6%)	-	1 (0.8%)
Number of meals per day, n (%)				CSeT: 0.979
Two meals	2 (1.2%)	-	2 (1.5%)
Three meals	30 (18.2%)	6 (18.2%)	24 (18.2%)
Four meals	66 (40.0%)	14 (42.4%)	52 (39.4%)
Five or more meals	67 (40.6%)	13 (39.4%)	54 (40.9%)
Alcohol consumption, n (%)	60 (36.4%)	17 (51.5%)	43 (32.6%)	CS: 0.043
Smoking habits, n (%)	9 (5.5%)	4 (12.1%)	5 (3.8%)	FT: 0.080
Physical activity, n (%)	33 (20.0%)	11 (33.3%)	22 (16.7%)	CS: 0.032
Autonomous person, n (%)	72 (43.6%)	23 (69.7%)	49 (37.1%)	CS: < 0.001
How do you perceive your health status, n (%)				CSeT: < 0.001
Very good	3 (1.8%)	1 (3.0%)	2 (1.5%)
Good	48 (29.1%)	18 (54.5%)	30 (22.7%)
Regular	71 (43.0%)	14 (42.4%)	57 (43.2%)
Bad	31 (18.8%)	0 (0.0%)	31 (23.5%)
Very bad	12 (7.3%)	0 (0.0%)	12 (9.1%)

Table 3. Lifestyle Parameters Assessment of the Study Sample

Total (n = 165)

Non-frail (n = 33)

Frail (n = 132)

P-value

CS: Chi-square test; CSeT: Chi-square exact test; FT: Fisher’s test.

Sleeping hours per day, n (%)

CSeT: 0.270

Less than 5 h

27 (16.4%)

2 (6.1%)

25 (18.9%)

5 - 7 h

101 (61.2%)

22 (66.7%)

79 (59.8%)

8 - 10 h

36 (21.8%)

9 (27.3%)

27 (20.5%)

More than 10 h

1 (0.6%)

1 (0.8%)

Number of meals per day, n (%)

CSeT: 0.979

Two meals

2 (1.2%)

2 (1.5%)

Three meals

30 (18.2%)

6 (18.2%)

24 (18.2%)

Four meals

66 (40.0%)

14 (42.4%)

52 (39.4%)

Five or more meals

67 (40.6%)

13 (39.4%)

54 (40.9%)

Alcohol consumption, n (%)

60 (36.4%)

17 (51.5%)

43 (32.6%)

CS: 0.043

Smoking habits, n (%)

9 (5.5%)

4 (12.1%)

5 (3.8%)

FT: 0.080

Physical activity, n (%)

33 (20.0%)

11 (33.3%)

22 (16.7%)

CS: 0.032

Autonomous person, n (%)

72 (43.6%)

23 (69.7%)

49 (37.1%)

CS: < 0.001

How do you perceive your health status, n (%)

CSeT: < 0.001

Very good

3 (1.8%)

1 (3.0%)

2 (1.5%)

Good

48 (29.1%)

18 (54.5%)

30 (22.7%)

Regular

71 (43.0%)

14 (42.4%)

57 (43.2%)

Bad

31 (18.8%)

0 (0.0%)

31 (23.5%)

Very bad

12 (7.3%)

0 (0.0%)

12 (9.1%)

**Table 4.** Results From Assessment Instruments
	Total (n = 165)	Non-frail (n = 33)	Frail (n = 132)	P-value
CS: Chi-square independent test; CSeT: Chi-square exact test; MW: Mann-Whitney test; FT: Fisher’s test; MMSE: mini-mental state examination; HADS: hospital anxiety and depression scale. Missing data: Gijon’s Social-familial Scale (n = 27), Katz index (n = 5), Lawton index (n = 6), Barthel index (n = 2), HADS depression (n = 5), and HADS anxiety (n = 5).
Glasgow coma scale
Score, median (min. - max.)	15.0 (13.0 - 15.0)	15.0 (14.0 - 15.0)	15.0 (13.0 - 15.0)	MW: 0.793
Category, n (%)				FT: > 0.999
12 - 14 points	17 (10.3%)	3 (9.1%)	14 (10.6%)
Normal 15 points	148 (89.7%)	30 (90.9%)	118 (89.4%)
Charlson comorbidity index
Score, median (min. - max.)	1.0 (0.0 - 11.0)	1.0 (0.0 - 6.0)	2.0 (0.0 - 11.0)	MW: 0.006
Gijon’s social-familial scale
Score, median (min. - max.)	7.5 (3.0 - 15.0)	7. (3.0 - 15.0)	8.0 (3.0 - 15.0)	MW: 0.653
Category, n (%)				CS: 0.560
High social risk	30 (21.7%)	4 (14.3%)	26 (23.6%)
Intermediate social risk	71 (51.4%)	16 (57.1%)	55 (50.0%)
Low social risk	37 (26.8%)	8 (28.6%)	29 (26.4%)
Katz index
Category, n (%)				CSeT: 0.006
A: Independent for all activities	35 (21.2%)	15 (45.5%)	20 (15.2%)
B: Independent for all activities except for one	19 (11.5%)	3 (9.1%)	16 (12.1%)
C: Independent for all activities except for bathing and an additional one	28 (17.0%)	8 (24.2%)	20 (15.2%)
D: Independent for all activities except for bathing, dressing and an additional one	17 (10.3%)	1 (3.0%)	16 (12.1%)
E: Independent for all activities except for bathing, dressing, going to bathroom and an additional one	26 (15.8%)	4 (12.1%)	22 (16.7%)
F: Independent for all activities except for bathing, dressing, going to the bathroom, transfer and an additional one	31 (18.8%)	2 (6.1%)	29 (22.0%)
G: Dependent for all activities	5 (3.0%)	0 (0.0%)	5 (3.8%)
H: Dependent for at least two functions, but not classified as C, D, E, and F	4 (2.4%)	0 (0.0%)	4 (3.0%)
Lawton index
Score, median (min. - max.)	9.0 (0.0 - 16.0)	12.0 (6.0 - 16.0)	8.0 (0.0 - 16.0)	MW < 0.001
Category, n (%)				CS < 0.001
Severe or total dependency	45 (28.3%)	0 (0.0%)	45 (35.4%)
Moderate dependency	74 (46.5%)	15 (46.9%)	59 (46.5%)
Mild dependency or independency	40 (25.2%)	17 (53.1%)	23 (18.1%)
Barthel index
Score, median (min. - max.)	65.0 (0.0 - 100.0)	85.0 (35.0 - 100.0)	61.5 (0.0 - 100.0)	MW < 0.001
Category, n (%)				CS < 0.001
Total dependency	7 (4.3%)	0 (0.0%)	7 (5.4%)
Severe dependency	24 (14.7%)	1 (3.0%)	23 (17.7%)
Moderate dependency	42 (25.8%)	7 (21.2%)	35 (26.9%)
Mild dependency	90 (55.2%)	25 (75.8%)	65 (50.0%)
MMSE
Score, median (min. - max.)	26.0 (11.0 - 30.0)	26.0 (12.0 - 30.0)	25.0 (11.0 - 30.0)	MW: 0.464
Category, n (%)				CS: 0.434
With cognitive deficit	75 (45.5%)	13 (39.4%)	62 (47.0%)
Without cognitive deficit	90 (54.5%)	20 (60.6%)	70 (53.0%)
HADS
Score (depression), median (min. - max.)	8.5 (0.0 - 20.0)	4.0 (1.0 - 13.0)	9.0 (0.0 - 20.0)	MW < 0.001
Category (depression), n (%)				CS < 0.001
With depression	80 (50.0%)	3 (9.1%)	77 (60.6%)
Without depression	80 (50.0%)	30 (90.9%)	50 (39.4%)
Score (anxiety), median (min. - max.)	6.0 (0.0 - 17.0)	4.0 (0.0 - 10.0)	6.0 (0.0 - 17.0)	MW < 0.001
Category (anxiety), n (%)				CS: 0.002
With anxiety	45 (28.1%)	2 (6.1%)	43 (33.9%)
Without anxiety	115 (71.9%)	31 (93.9%)	84 (66.1%)

Table 4. Results From Assessment Instruments

Total (n = 165)

Non-frail (n = 33)

Frail (n = 132)

P-value

CS: Chi-square independent test; CSeT: Chi-square exact test; MW: Mann-Whitney test; FT: Fisher’s test; MMSE: mini-mental state examination; HADS: hospital anxiety and depression scale. Missing data: Gijon’s Social-familial Scale (n = 27), Katz index (n = 5), Lawton index (n = 6), Barthel index (n = 2), HADS depression (n = 5), and HADS anxiety (n = 5).

Glasgow coma scale

Score, median (min. - max.)

15.0 (13.0 - 15.0)

15.0 (14.0 - 15.0)

15.0 (13.0 - 15.0)

MW: 0.793

Category, n (%)

FT: > 0.999

12 - 14 points

17 (10.3%)

3 (9.1%)

14 (10.6%)

Normal 15 points

148 (89.7%)

30 (90.9%)

118 (89.4%)

Charlson comorbidity index

Score, median (min. - max.)

1.0 (0.0 - 11.0)

1.0 (0.0 - 6.0)

2.0 (0.0 - 11.0)

MW: 0.006

Gijon’s social-familial scale

Score, median (min. - max.)

7.5 (3.0 - 15.0)

7. (3.0 - 15.0)

8.0 (3.0 - 15.0)

MW: 0.653

Category, n (%)

CS: 0.560

High social risk

30 (21.7%)

4 (14.3%)

26 (23.6%)

Intermediate social risk

71 (51.4%)

16 (57.1%)

55 (50.0%)

Low social risk

37 (26.8%)

8 (28.6%)

29 (26.4%)

Katz index

Category, n (%)

CSeT: 0.006

A: Independent for all activities

35 (21.2%)

15 (45.5%)

20 (15.2%)

B: Independent for all activities except for one

19 (11.5%)

3 (9.1%)

16 (12.1%)

C: Independent for all activities except for bathing and an additional one

28 (17.0%)

8 (24.2%)

20 (15.2%)

D: Independent for all activities except for bathing, dressing and an additional one

17 (10.3%)

1 (3.0%)

16 (12.1%)

E: Independent for all activities except for bathing, dressing, going to bathroom and an additional one

26 (15.8%)

4 (12.1%)

22 (16.7%)

F: Independent for all activities except for bathing, dressing, going to the bathroom, transfer and an additional one

31 (18.8%)

2 (6.1%)

29 (22.0%)

G: Dependent for all activities

5 (3.0%)

0 (0.0%)

5 (3.8%)

H: Dependent for at least two functions, but not classified as C, D, E, and F

4 (2.4%)

0 (0.0%)

4 (3.0%)

Lawton index

Score, median (min. - max.)

9.0 (0.0 - 16.0)

12.0 (6.0 - 16.0)

8.0 (0.0 - 16.0)

MW < 0.001

Category, n (%)

CS < 0.001

Severe or total dependency

45 (28.3%)

0 (0.0%)

45 (35.4%)

Moderate dependency

74 (46.5%)

15 (46.9%)

59 (46.5%)

Mild dependency or independency

40 (25.2%)

17 (53.1%)

23 (18.1%)

Barthel index

Score, median (min. - max.)

65.0 (0.0 - 100.0)

85.0 (35.0 - 100.0)

61.5 (0.0 - 100.0)

MW < 0.001

Category, n (%)

CS < 0.001

Total dependency

7 (4.3%)

0 (0.0%)

7 (5.4%)

Severe dependency

24 (14.7%)

1 (3.0%)

23 (17.7%)

Moderate dependency

42 (25.8%)

7 (21.2%)

35 (26.9%)

Mild dependency

90 (55.2%)

25 (75.8%)

65 (50.0%)

MMSE

Score, median (min. - max.)

26.0 (11.0 - 30.0)

26.0 (12.0 - 30.0)

25.0 (11.0 - 30.0)

MW: 0.464

Category, n (%)

CS: 0.434

With cognitive deficit

75 (45.5%)

13 (39.4%)

62 (47.0%)

Without cognitive deficit

90 (54.5%)

20 (60.6%)

70 (53.0%)

HADS

Score (depression), median (min. - max.)

8.5 (0.0 - 20.0)

4.0 (1.0 - 13.0)

9.0 (0.0 - 20.0)

MW < 0.001

Category (depression), n (%)

CS < 0.001

With depression

80 (50.0%)

3 (9.1%)

77 (60.6%)

Without depression

80 (50.0%)

30 (90.9%)

50 (39.4%)

Score (anxiety), median (min. - max.)

6.0 (0.0 - 17.0)

4.0 (0.0 - 10.0)

6.0 (0.0 - 17.0)

MW < 0.001

Category (anxiety), n (%)

CS: 0.002

With anxiety

45 (28.1%)

2 (6.1%)

43 (33.9%)

Without anxiety

115 (71.9%)

31 (93.9%)

84 (66.1%)

**Table 5.** Assessment of Frailty With TFI for the Overall Sample
	Total (n = 165)	Non-frail (n = 33)	Frail (n = 132)
Score B1 (physical domain), median (min. - max.)	5.0 (0.0 - 8.0)	2.0 (0.0 - 5.0)	5.0 (1.0 - 8.0)
Score B2 (psychological domain), median (min. - max.)	2.0 (0.0 - 4.0)	1.0 (0.0 - 2.0)	2.0 (0.0 - 4.0)
Score B3 (social domain), median (min. - max.)	1.0 (0.0 - 3.0)	1.0 (0.0 - 3.0)	2.0 (0.0 - 3.0)
Final score, median (min. - max.)	8.0 (0.0 - 15.0)	4.0 (0.0 - 5.0)	9.0 (6.0 - 15.0)
TFI: Tilburg frailty indicator; CI: confidence interval; min.: minimum; max.: maximum.
Frailty	n (%)	95% CI
Non-frail (< 6)	33 (20.0%)	13.90-26.1%
Frail (≥ 6)	132 (80.0%)	73.9-86.1%

Table 5. Assessment of Frailty With TFI for the Overall Sample

Total (n = 165)

Non-frail (n = 33)

Frail (n = 132)

Score B1 (physical domain), median (min. - max.)

5.0 (0.0 - 8.0)

2.0 (0.0 - 5.0)

5.0 (1.0 - 8.0)

Score B2 (psychological domain), median (min. - max.)

2.0 (0.0 - 4.0)

1.0 (0.0 - 2.0)

2.0 (0.0 - 4.0)

Score B3 (social domain), median (min. - max.)

1.0 (0.0 - 3.0)

2.0 (0.0 - 3.0)

Final score, median (min. - max.)

8.0 (0.0 - 15.0)

4.0 (0.0 - 5.0)

9.0 (6.0 - 15.0)

TFI: Tilburg frailty indicator; CI: confidence interval; min.: minimum; max.: maximum.

Frailty

n (%)

95% CI

Non-frail (< 6)

33 (20.0%)

13.90-26.1%

Frail (≥ 6)

132 (80.0%)

73.9-86.1%

**Table 6.** Multivariate Logistic Regressions
	aOR	95% CI for aOR	P-value
aOR: adjusted odds ratio; 95% CI for aOR: 95% confidence interval for adjusted odds ratio; HADS: hospital anxiety and depression scale.
Age	0.99	0.92 - 1.06	0.719
Sex (female)	4.45	1.40 - 14.14	0.011
Vascular disease	4.40	1.07 - 18.14	0.040
Vision problems	10.85	3.04 - 38.70	< 0.001
Lawton Index	0.74	0.62 - 0.89	0.002
Depressive symptoms (HADS)	1.37	1.37 - 1.64	0.001

Table 6. Multivariate Logistic Regressions

aOR

95% CI for aOR

P-value

aOR: adjusted odds ratio; 95% CI for aOR: 95% confidence interval for adjusted odds ratio; HADS: hospital anxiety and depression scale.

Age

0.99

0.92 - 1.06

0.719

Sex (female)

4.45

1.40 - 14.14

0.011

Vascular disease

4.40

1.07 - 18.14

0.040

Vision problems

10.85

3.04 - 38.70

< 0.001

Lawton Index

0.74

0.62 - 0.89

0.002

Depressive symptoms (HADS)

1.37

1.37 - 1.64

0.001