J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 14, Number 9, September 2022, pages 348-356

A Retrospective Study on the Relationship Between Cognitive Function and Social Function in Patients With Schizophrenia

**Table 1.** Demographic Variables
BMI: body mass index; IQ: intelligence quotient; JART50: Japanese adult reading test of 50 kanji characters; CPZ: chlorpromazine; PANSS: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; BACS-J: Japanese version of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia; SFS-J: Japanese version of the Social Functioning Scale; SD: standard deviation.
N	36
Sex (male)	19 (52.8%)
Age (years), mean ± SD	57.8 ± 13.3
BMI, mean ± SD	23.1 ± 2.8
Educational history (years), mean ± SD	12.1 ± 2.2
Duration of illness (years), mean ± SD	34.8 ± 12.7
Total length of hospitalization (months), mean ± SD	196.7 ± 163.9
JART50: predicted IQ, mean ± SD	95.1 ± 9.8
CPZ-equivalent dose, mean ± SD	681.4 ± 442.1
PANSS, mean ± SD
Positive symptoms	18.6 ± 5.9
Negative symptoms	25.6 ± 4.1
Comprehensive psychopathology	46.7 ± 7.4
BACS-J (Z-score), mean ± SD
Verbal memory	-2.7 ± 1.1
Digit sequencing	-2.0 ± 1.6
Token motor	-2.7 ± 1.0
Verbal fluency	-1.9 ± 1.3
Symbol coding	-3.2 ± 1.4
Tower of London	-1.8 ± 2.3
Mean	-2.4 ± 1.1
SFS-J, mean ± SD
Withdrawal	7.6 ± 2.5
Interpersonal communication	4.7 ± 2.9
Independence performance	16.3 ± 8.7
Independence competence	16.4 ± 9.2
Recreation	13.8 ± 8.4
Prosocial activities	5.7 ± 9.0
Employment/occupation	3.0 ± 3.9
Total	67.5 ± 35.3

Table 1. Demographic Variables

BMI: body mass index; IQ: intelligence quotient; JART50: Japanese adult reading test of 50 kanji characters; CPZ: chlorpromazine; PANSS: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; BACS-J: Japanese version of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia; SFS-J: Japanese version of the Social Functioning Scale; SD: standard deviation.

Sex (male)

19 (52.8%)

Age (years), mean ± SD

57.8 ± 13.3

BMI, mean ± SD

23.1 ± 2.8

Educational history (years), mean ± SD

12.1 ± 2.2

Duration of illness (years), mean ± SD

34.8 ± 12.7

Total length of hospitalization (months), mean ± SD

196.7 ± 163.9

JART50: predicted IQ, mean ± SD

95.1 ± 9.8

CPZ-equivalent dose, mean ± SD

681.4 ± 442.1

PANSS, mean ± SD

Positive symptoms

18.6 ± 5.9

Negative symptoms

25.6 ± 4.1

Comprehensive psychopathology

46.7 ± 7.4

BACS-J (Z-score), mean ± SD

Verbal memory

-2.7 ± 1.1

Digit sequencing

-2.0 ± 1.6

Token motor

-2.7 ± 1.0

Verbal fluency

-1.9 ± 1.3

Symbol coding

-3.2 ± 1.4

Tower of London

-1.8 ± 2.3

Mean

-2.4 ± 1.1

SFS-J, mean ± SD

Withdrawal

7.6 ± 2.5

Interpersonal communication

4.7 ± 2.9

Independence performance

16.3 ± 8.7

Independence competence

16.4 ± 9.2

Recreation

13.8 ± 8.4

Prosocial activities

5.7 ± 9.0

Employment/occupation

3.0 ± 3.9

Total

67.5 ± 35.3

**Table 2.** Correlations Between SFS-J Subscales and Clinical Variables
SFS-J subscales	Age	Educational history	Duration of illness	Total length of Hospitalization	PANSS	JART50	CPZ-equivalent dose	BACS-J
*P < 0.05. Bonferroni correction with a comparison number of 16 was applied to the P value of the correlation. r: Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient; JART50: Japanese adult reading test of 50 kanji characters; CPZ: chlorpromazine; PANSS: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; BACS-J: Japanese version of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia; SFS-J: Japanese version of the Social Functioning Scale.
Withdrawal	-0.4641	0.1295	-0.4597	-0.5007	-0.3037	-0.299	-0.4295	0.1111	0.2057	0.0511	0.4407	0.3443	0.6893*	0.6139	0.4985	0.6076
Interpersonal communication	-0.4192	0.2797	-0.4026	-0.4531	-0.124	-0.3688	-0.4235	0.2257	0.3291	0.1794	0.1296	0.4786	0.5436	0.5235	0.193	0.4609
Independence-performance	-0.3321	0.3385	-0.5008	-0.7119*	-0.0895	-0.162	-0.2436	0.4301	0.0423	0.0766	0.3639	0.3309	0.4379	0.5504	0.6941*	0.5763
Independence-competence	-0.4311	0.3079	-0.4728	-0.6086*	-0.3238	-0.1294	-0.2213	0.3819	0.0016	0.2363	0.5774	0.1629	0.534	0.5306	0.7377*	0.6529
Recreation	-0.1129	0.3861	-0.2506	-0.5385*	-0.217	-0.3568	-0.3513	0.3892	-0.1272	0.029	0.277	0.4663	0.4376	0.4513	0.5174	0.499
Prosocial activities	-0.1747	0.4178	-0.3578	-0.4669	-0.2398	-0.3252	-0.5103	0.484	-0.1075	0.2161	0.2554	0.0399	0.3206	0.0545	0.6055	0.3377
Employment/ occupation	-0.3273	0.3792	-0.4291	-0.4868	-0.0347	-0.3939	-0.288	0.3253	-0.0446	0.5622	0.3657	0.2735	0.7239*	0.3883	0.3136	0.5866
Total	-0.3868	0.3924	-0.5266	-0.6861*	-0.261	-0.2621	-0.4067	0.4454	0.0014	0.1507	0.5515	0.3044	0.6064	0.603	0.7546*	0.698*

Table 2. Correlations Between SFS-J Subscales and Clinical Variables

SFS-J subscales

Age

Educational history

Duration of illness

Total length of Hospitalization

PANSS

JART50

CPZ-equivalent dose

BACS-J

Positive symptoms

Negative symptoms

Comprehensive psychopathology

Verbal memory

Digit sequencing

Token motor

Verbal fluency

Symbol coding

Tower of London

Mean

*P < 0.05. Bonferroni correction with a comparison number of 16 was applied to the P value of the correlation. r: Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient; JART50: Japanese adult reading test of 50 kanji characters; CPZ: chlorpromazine; PANSS: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; BACS-J: Japanese version of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia; SFS-J: Japanese version of the Social Functioning Scale.

Withdrawal

-0.4641

0.1295

-0.4597

-0.5007

-0.3037

-0.299

-0.4295

0.1111

0.2057

0.0511

0.4407

0.3443

0.6893*

0.6139

0.4985

0.6076

Interpersonal communication

-0.4192

0.2797

-0.4026

-0.4531

-0.124

-0.3688

-0.4235

0.2257

0.3291

0.1794

0.1296

0.4786

0.5436

0.5235

0.193

0.4609

Independence-performance

-0.3321

0.3385

-0.5008

-0.7119*

-0.0895

-0.162

-0.2436

0.4301

0.0423

0.0766

0.3639

0.3309

0.4379

0.5504

0.6941*

0.5763

Independence-competence

-0.4311

0.3079

-0.4728

-0.6086*

-0.3238

-0.1294

-0.2213

0.3819

0.0016

0.2363

0.5774

0.1629

0.534

0.5306

0.7377*

0.6529

Recreation

-0.1129

0.3861

-0.2506

-0.5385*

-0.217

-0.3568

-0.3513

0.3892

-0.1272

0.029

0.277

0.4663

0.4376

0.4513

0.5174

0.499

Prosocial activities

-0.1747

0.4178

-0.3578

-0.4669

-0.2398

-0.3252

-0.5103

0.484

-0.1075

0.2161

0.2554

0.0399

0.3206

0.0545

0.6055

0.3377

Employment/ occupation

-0.3273

0.3792

-0.4291

-0.4868

-0.0347

-0.3939

-0.288

0.3253

-0.0446

0.5622

0.3657

0.2735

0.7239*

0.3883

0.3136

0.5866

Total

-0.3868

0.3924

-0.5266

-0.6861*

-0.261

-0.2621

-0.4067

0.4454

0.0014

0.1507

0.5515

0.3044

0.6064

0.603

0.7546*

0.698*

Table 3. Standard Partial Regression Coefficients for Each Variable and the SFS-J

Sex (male)

Age

Educational history

Duration of illness

Total length of hospitalization

PANSS

JART50

CPZ-equivalent dose

BACS-J

Positive symptoms

Negative symptoms

Comprehensive psychopathology

Verbal memory

Digit sequencing

Token motor

Verbal fluency

Symbol coding

Tower of London

Mean

^aModel 1, independent variables: sex, age, educational history, duration of illness, total length of hospitalization, JART50, and BACS-J. ^bModel 2, independent variables: sex, age, educational history, duration of illness, total length of hospitalization, JART50, CPZ equivalent dose, and BACS-J. ^cModel 3, independent variables: sex, age, educational history, duration of illness, total length of hospitalization, PANSS, JART50, CPZ equivalent dose, and BACS-J. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. JART50: Japanese adult reading test of 50 kanji characters; CPZ: chlorpromazine; PANSS: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; BACS-J: Japanese version of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia; SFS-J: Japanese version of the Social Functioning Scale.

Model 1 SFS

Withdrawal

-0.1713

0.5395*

0.2446

Interpersonal communication

-0.3988

0.7701*

Independence-performance

-0.0366

-0.2938

-0.5446**

Independence-competence

-0.252

-0.430*

Recreation

0.2961

-0.489*

0.4354*

Prosocial activities

0.3507

0.433

-0.5867

Employment/ occupation

0.4545*

0.4189*

Total

0.2424

-0.2321

-0.5123**

Model 2 SFS

Withdrawal

0.6402**

0.2159

Interpersonal communication

-0.3988

0.7701*

Independence performance

-0.0366

-0.2938

Independence competence

-0.6718**

0.3036

-0.3579

Recreation

0.2961

0.4354*

Prosocial activities

0.3507

0.433

-0.5867

Employment/ occupation

0.6651*

0.5027*

Total

0.2424

-0.2321

Model 3 SFS

Withdrawal

0.2555

0.7295***

Interpersonal communication

-0.3988

0.7701*

Independence performance

-0.2924

Independence competence

-0.6718**

0.3036

-0.357

Recreation

0.2961

-0.4890*

0.4354*

Prosocial activities

0.3507

0.433

-0.5867

Employment/ occupation

0.4545*

0.4189*

Total

0.2424

-0.2321

**Table 4.** Effects of Each Factor in Model 3 on SFS-J Subscales
Dependent variable	Independent variable	Estimated value	SE	t value	P value	Model P value	DF-adjusted R²
CPZ: chlorpromazine; BACS-J: Japanese version of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia; DF: degrees of freedom; SFS-J: Japanese version of the Social Functioning Scale; SE: standard error.
SFS-J withdrawal
	CPZ-equivalent dose	0.0014	0.0009	1.67	0.1152	0.0003	0.623
	BACS-J: verbal fluency	1.3616	0.2888	4.71	0.0003
SFS-J interpersonal communication
	BACS-J: digit sequencing	-0.6851	1.0575	-1.47	0.161	0.0365	0.271
	BACS-J: verbal fluency	1.6373	0.575	2.85	0.0122
SFS-J independence-competence
	Age	-0.4579	0.1527	-3	0.0062	0.0119	0.282
	Educational history	1.2868	0.7069	1.82	0.0812
	CPZ-equivalent dose	-0.007	0.0045	-1.57	0.1299
SFS-J recreation
	Sex (male)	2.8071	1.5265	1.84	0.0872	0.0014	0.587
	Total length of hospitalization	-0.0367	0.0127	-2.9	0.0117
	BACS-J: token motor	4.0514	1.573	2.58	0.022
SFS-J employment/occupation
	Educational history	0.9123	0.3857	2.37	0.0319	0.0033	0.472
	BACS-J: verbal fluency	1.306	0.599	2.18	0.0456

Table 4. Effects of Each Factor in Model 3 on SFS-J Subscales

Dependent variable

Independent variable

Estimated value

t value

P value

Model P value

DF-adjusted R²

CPZ: chlorpromazine; BACS-J: Japanese version of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia; DF: degrees of freedom; SFS-J: Japanese version of the Social Functioning Scale; SE: standard error.

SFS-J withdrawal

CPZ-equivalent dose

0.0014

0.0009

1.67

0.1152

0.0003

0.623

BACS-J: verbal fluency

1.3616

0.2888

4.71

0.0003

SFS-J interpersonal communication

BACS-J: digit sequencing

-0.6851

1.0575

-1.47

0.161

0.0365

0.271

BACS-J: verbal fluency

1.6373

0.575

2.85

0.0122

SFS-J independence-competence

Age

-0.4579

0.1527

-3

0.0062

0.0119

0.282

Educational history

1.2868

0.7069

1.82

0.0812

CPZ-equivalent dose

-0.007

0.0045

-1.57

0.1299

SFS-J recreation

Sex (male)

2.8071

1.5265

1.84

0.0872

0.0014

0.587

Total length of hospitalization

-0.0367

0.0127

-2.9

0.0117

BACS-J: token motor

4.0514

1.573

2.58

0.022

SFS-J employment/occupation

Educational history

0.9123

0.3857

2.37

0.0319

0.0033

0.472

BACS-J: verbal fluency

1.306

0.599

2.18

0.0456