Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access
Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc
Journal website https://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 13, Number 12, December 2021, pages 530-540

Coinfection of Helicobacter pylori and Hepatitis C Virus in the Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1. Flowchart of the articles selected from literature search.
Figure 2.
Figure 2. Forest plot showing the risk of developing HCC in the presence of infection with H. pylori. OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.
Figure 3.
Figure 3. Forest plot showing the risk of developing HCC in the presence of HCV and H. pylori coinfection. OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; HCV: hepatitis C virus; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.
Figure 4.
Figure 4. Forest plot showing the risk of developing HCC in the presence of H. pylori infection only without HCV. OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; HCV: hepatitis C virus; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.
Figure 5.
Figure 5. Forest plot showing the risk of developing HCC in the presence of HCV infection without H. pylori. OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; HCV: hepatitis C virus; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.
Figure 6.
Figure 6. Funnel plot showing bias in selected studies.

Tables

Table 1. Summary of the Results of the Primary and Subgroup Analysis
 
HCC positive (cases)HCC negative (controls)Random-effect odds ratio (95% confidence interval)
HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; HCV: hepatitis C virus; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.
Primary analysis
  Relationship between H. pylori and HCC561/866 (64.78%)1,718/3,585 (47.92%)4.75 (3.06 - 7.37)
Subgroup analysis
  H. pylori and HCV coinfection168/422 (39.81%)83/740 (11.21%)12.76 (4.13 - 39.41)
  H. pylori infection only without HCV36/303 (11.88%)79/495 (15.95%)0.54 (0.11 - 2.63)
  HCV only without H. pylori84/262 (32.06%)141/485 (29.07%)2.21 (0.70 - 6.94)

 

Table 2. Characteristics of the Studies Included in the Meta-Analysis
 
Study authorsYear of publicationNature of the studyH. pylori positiveMean age
CasesControlsCasesControls
H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.
Abdel-Razik et al [22]2020Prospective cohort16/23254/5355555
Al-Soud et al [26]2008Retrospective7/123/246336.5
Avenaud et al [27]2000Retrospective5/51/867.645.25
Coppola et al [23]2003Retrospective0/210/346860.5
Dore et al [28]2002Retrospective6/115/3065.2 ± 8.851.2 ± 15
Esmat et al [29]2012Retrospective12/1618/69N/AN/A
Fan et al [30]2002Retrospective9/150/1348.5N/A
Fotouhi et al [31]2011Retrospective7/223/37N/AN/A
Giannini et al [19]2003Retrospective23/3341/5564.6 ± 955
Qu et al [20]2017Case-control49/61813/1,52135.3 ± 15.736.6 ± 14.5
Huang and Cui [32]2017Retrospective86/148253/46052.4 ± 11.653.7
Huang et al [33]2004Retrospective8/200/164236
Ito et al [34]2004Retrospective13/150/1759.2N/A
Leelawat et al [35]2007Retrospective12/125/75459
Leone et al [21]2003Case-control36/4625/466069
Rocha et al [36]2005Cross sectional16/3118/7857.849
Mekonnen et al [37]2018Prospective case-control37/6014/603651
Murphy et al [38]2014Case-control91/97198/2245857
Pellicano et al [25]2004Cross-sectional17/202/6N/AN/A
Verhoef et al [39]2003Cross-sectional9/203/316162
Vivekanandan et al [24]2008Retrospective0/225/6052.8 ± 14N/A
Xuan et al [17]2006Cross-sectional17/2818/77N/AN/A
Yang et al [18]2013Cross-sectional35/5037/10056.9 ± 9.554.8 ± 11.4
Nilsson et al [40]2001Cross-sectional12/160/20N/AN/A
Zhang et al [41]2004Cross-sectional16/482/37N/AN/A
Li et al [42]2006Cross-sectional22/340/20N/AN/A