J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 13, Number 10-11, November 2021, pages 502-509

Anagliptin Monotherapy for Six Months in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Hyper-Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterolemia Reduces Plasma Levels of Fasting Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Lathosterol: A Single-Arm Intervention Trial

Figure 2. Changes in HbA1c and LDL-C before and after anagliptin monotherapy: plasma Hb1Ac (a) and LDL-C (b) levels. The two groups were compared using the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test. HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Figure 3. Changes in lathosterol, campesterol, and sitosterol levels before and after anagliptin monotherapy: plasma lathosterol (a), campesterol (b) and sitosterol (c) levels. The two groups were compared using the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test.

Figure 4. The correlation between fasting active glucagon-like peptide-1 levels and lathosterol (a), campesterol (b), and sitosterol (c) levels at the end of this study. Plots below the detection limit of (2.0 pmol/L) plasma GLP-1 were omitted. The figure presents 13 plots. GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1.

Figure 5. Changes in proinsulin, plasma glucose, and insulin before and after anagliptin monotherapy: fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (a), insulin (b), and proinsulin (c) levels before and after anagliptin monotherapy; and plasma glucose (PG) (d), insulin (e), and proinsulin (f) levels at 2 h after the CLT before and after anagliptin monotherapy. The two groups were compared using the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test.

**Table 1.** Characteristics of Glucose Metabolism of 14 Patients Before and After Treatment With Anagliptin Monotherapy
Characteristic unit	PG (mg/dL)	PG, 1 h (mg/dL)	PG, 2 h (mg/dL)	Proinsulin (pmol/L)	Proinsulin, 1 h (pmol/L)	Proinsulin, 2 h (pmol/L)	Insulin (µIU/mL)	Insulin, 1 h (µIU/mL)	Insulin, 2 h (µIU/mL)
The conversion factors were as follows: glucose (mmol/L) = glucose (mg/dL)/18.0, insulin (pmol/L) = insulin (µIU/mL)/0.144. PG: plasma glucose.
A (baseline)	112	272	283	22.0	44.2	77.9	9.16	26.8	26.9
A (6 months)	126	293	288	14.9	44.0	88.9	5.59	36.8	36.8
C (baseline)	135	219	244	17.5	39.4	75.6	12.0	52	79.2
C (6 months)	129	164	151	20.1	34.7	51.3	11.2	35.4	55.4
E (baseline)	159	279	325	9.4	33	54.4	2.52	13.1	21.4
E (6 months)	132	208	195	10.1	37.3	57.2	3.68	14.2	16.3
F (baseline)	119	237	201	6.7	29.7	49.3	5.87	35.4	49
F (6 months)	131	222	201	9.3	22.4	39.8	5.24	32.3	38.3
G (baseline)	153	219	218	27.7	64.9	69.9	8.01	41.5	26.1
G (6 months)	118	135	163	21.9	47.2	64.3	7.3	26.6	20.0
H (baseline)	128	228	230	7.1	46.7	86.8	3.06	23.9	43.9
H (6 months)	129	220	202	3.1	28.4	56.5	2.02	22.8	31.2
I (baseline)	113	222	246	31.3	79.1	116	14.3	106	116
I (6 months)	110	156	188	21.1	47.1	63.2	12.1	56.3	42.3
J (baseline)	111	229	209	20.5	70.9	116	9.21	53.0	72.1
J (6 months)	104	160	152	10.3	53.4	59.9	7.41	51.4	53.4
K (baseline)	142	301	299	34.7	84.1	119	6.12	34.7	25.8
K (6 months)	117	152	162	20.3	43.7	53.2	4.45	32.4	20.3
L (baseline)	126	223	261	9.0	18.5	43.8	6.71	18.1	34.6
L (6 months)	123	241	235	3.1	20.8	42.5	6.38	29.2	31.6
N (baseline)	88	145	140	11.6	99.0	116	6.74	99.2	77.7
N (6 months)	89	139	121	5.6	41.4	45.0	6.45	59.9	72.7
O (baseline)	137	276	280	17.5	57.5	99.1	4.58	25.3	32.0
O (6 months)	122	249	253	22.2	69.3	87.1	4.03	40.7	37.5
P (baseline)	107	216	189	31.6	139	181	7.33	86.3	67.9
P (6 months)	108	190	166	26.0	106	159	8.36	49.3	67.1
Q (baseline)	133	269	246	48.7	109	149	13.6	97.4	89.1
Q (6 months)	105	241	207	45.3	89.1	127	19.9	107	121

Table 1. Characteristics of Glucose Metabolism of 14 Patients Before and After Treatment With Anagliptin Monotherapy

Characteristic unit

PG (mg/dL)

PG, 1 h (mg/dL)

PG, 2 h (mg/dL)

Proinsulin (pmol/L)

Proinsulin, 1 h (pmol/L)

Proinsulin, 2 h (pmol/L)

Insulin (µIU/mL)

Insulin, 1 h (µIU/mL)

Insulin, 2 h (µIU/mL)

The conversion factors were as follows: glucose (mmol/L) = glucose (mg/dL)/18.0, insulin (pmol/L) = insulin (µIU/mL)/0.144. PG: plasma glucose.

A (baseline)

112

272

283

22.0

44.2

77.9

9.16

26.8

26.9

A (6 months)

126

293

288

14.9

44.0

88.9

5.59

36.8

C (baseline)

135

219

244

17.5

39.4

75.6

12.0

79.2

C (6 months)

129

164

151

20.1

34.7

51.3

11.2

35.4

55.4

E (baseline)

159

279

325

9.4

54.4

2.52

13.1

21.4

E (6 months)

132

208

195

10.1

37.3

57.2

3.68

14.2

16.3

F (baseline)

119

237

201

6.7

29.7

49.3

5.87

35.4

F (6 months)

131

222

201

9.3

22.4

39.8

5.24

32.3

38.3

G (baseline)

153

219

218

27.7

64.9

69.9

8.01

41.5

26.1

G (6 months)

118

135

163

21.9

47.2

64.3

7.3

26.6

20.0

H (baseline)

128

228

230

7.1

46.7

86.8

3.06

23.9

43.9

H (6 months)

129

220

202

3.1

28.4

56.5

2.02

22.8

31.2

I (baseline)

113

222

246

31.3

79.1

116

14.3

106

116

I (6 months)

110

156

188

21.1

47.1

63.2

12.1

56.3

42.3

J (baseline)

111

229

209

20.5

70.9

116

9.21

53.0

72.1

J (6 months)

104

160

152

10.3

53.4

59.9

7.41

51.4

53.4

K (baseline)

142

301

299

34.7

84.1

119

6.12

34.7

25.8

K (6 months)

117

152

162

20.3

43.7

53.2

4.45

32.4

20.3

L (baseline)

126

223

261

9.0

18.5

43.8

6.71

18.1

34.6

L (6 months)

123

241

235

3.1

20.8

42.5

6.38

29.2

31.6

N (baseline)

145

140

11.6

99.0

116

6.74

99.2

77.7

N (6 months)

139

121

5.6

41.4

45.0

6.45

59.9

72.7

O (baseline)

137

276

280

17.5

57.5

99.1

4.58

25.3

32.0

O (6 months)

122

249

253

22.2

69.3

87.1

4.03

40.7

37.5

P (baseline)

107

216

189

31.6

139

181

7.33

86.3

67.9

P (6 months)

108

190

166

26.0

106

159

8.36

49.3

67.1

Q (baseline)

133

269

246

48.7

109

149

13.6

97.4

89.1

Q (6 months)

105

241

207

45.3

89.1

127

19.9

107

121

**Table 2.** Comparison of Lipid Profiles of 14 Patients Before and After Treatment With Anagliptin Monotherapy
Characteristic unit	Age (years)	BMI (kg/m²)	TC (mg/dL)	LDL-C (mg/dL)	HDL-C (mg/dL)	TG (mg/dL)	Latho (µg/mL)	Campe (µg/mL)	Sito (µg/mL)
Lipid profiles at baseline and after 6 months of treatment in 14 patients. The conversion factors were as follows: cholesterol (mmol/L) = cholesterol (mg/dL)/38.6, triglyceride (mmol/L) = triglyceride (mg/dL)/88.5. BMI: body mass index; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglycerides.
A (baseline)	67	23.3	269	183	52	172	3.0	6.3	3.4
A (6 months)		23.3	250	163	58	147	1.9	6.5	3.2
C (baseline)	75	23.5	203	144	40	94	2.8	3.7	1.9
C (6 months)		23.2	177	120	39	90	2.4	3.6	1.8
E (baseline)	63	24.6	262	181	66	73	4.4	9.2	4.6
E (6 months)		24.6	304	202	72	151	2.7	14.2	6.5
F (baseline)	66	21.6	324	235	70	94	4.2	6.3	4.6
F (6 months)		21.6	307	224	67	81	3.1	7.8	4.7
G (baseline)	60	28.3	295	217	55	117	4.5	7.0	3.3
G (6 months)		27.0	296	218	58	99	2.9	6.8	3.4
H (baseline)	74	18.6	216	149	52	76	1.6	4.7	2.7
H (6 months)		18.6	199	131	53	77	1.6	3.8	2.0
I (baseline)	53	28.8	229	155	50	121	6.0	4.7	2.2
I (6 months)		28.9	170	66.4	84	98	2.7	5.2	2.5
J (baseline)	66	27.6	264	169	86	43	4.5	4.3	2.6
J (6 months)		27.5	171	78.0	84	45	2.4	7.5	3.5
K (baseline)	71	25.1	246	157	51	192	2.2	8.1	3.9
K (6 months)		27.5	223	139	54	152	2.2	7.1	4.1
L (baseline)	64	21.9	262	176	70	78	2.6	4.5	2.1
L (6 months)		21.6	269	173	70	131	2.5	4.9	2.3
N (baseline)	60	20.1	256	152	51	265	3.9	7.0	3.8
N (6 months)		20.1	170	86.0	51	165	2.0	7.1	5.0
O (baseline)	60	30.3	239	160	59	102	2.4	4.3	2.1
O (6 months)		31.8	228	142	58	142	2.7	4.8	2.5
P (baseline)	69	27.3	299	216	51	162	4.3	5.8	3.2
P (6 months)		29.4	262	176	44	210	2.8	6.7	3.8
Q (baseline)	77	25.0	245	165	67	63	3.5	8.3	4.7
Q (6 months)		25.3	237	160	59	88	2.9	8.3	4.1

Table 2. Comparison of Lipid Profiles of 14 Patients Before and After Treatment With Anagliptin Monotherapy

Characteristic unit

Age (years)

BMI (kg/m²)

TC (mg/dL)

LDL-C (mg/dL)

HDL-C (mg/dL)

TG (mg/dL)

Latho (µg/mL)

Campe (µg/mL)

Sito (µg/mL)

Lipid profiles at baseline and after 6 months of treatment in 14 patients. The conversion factors were as follows: cholesterol (mmol/L) = cholesterol (mg/dL)/38.6, triglyceride (mmol/L) = triglyceride (mg/dL)/88.5. BMI: body mass index; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglycerides.

A (baseline)

23.3

269

183

172

3.0

6.3

3.4

A (6 months)

23.3

250

163

147

1.9

6.5

3.2

C (baseline)

23.5

203

144

2.8

3.7

1.9

C (6 months)

23.2

177

120

2.4

3.6

1.8

E (baseline)

24.6

262

181

4.4

9.2

4.6

E (6 months)

24.6

304

202

151

2.7

14.2

6.5

F (baseline)

21.6

324

235

4.2

6.3

4.6

F (6 months)

21.6

307

224

3.1

7.8

4.7

G (baseline)

28.3

295

217

117

4.5

7.0

3.3

G (6 months)

27.0

296

218

2.9

6.8

3.4

H (baseline)

18.6

216

149

1.6

4.7

2.7

H (6 months)

18.6

199

131

1.6

3.8

2.0

I (baseline)

28.8

229

155

121

6.0

4.7

2.2

I (6 months)

28.9

170

66.4

2.7

5.2

2.5

J (baseline)

27.6

264

169

4.5

4.3

2.6

J (6 months)

27.5

171

78.0

2.4

7.5

3.5

K (baseline)

25.1

246

157

192

2.2

8.1

3.9

K (6 months)

27.5

223

139

152

2.2

7.1

4.1

L (baseline)

21.9

262

176

2.6

4.5

2.1

L (6 months)

21.6

269

173

131

2.5

4.9

2.3

N (baseline)

20.1

256

152

265

3.9

7.0

3.8

N (6 months)

20.1

170

86.0

165

2.0

7.1

5.0

O (baseline)

30.3

239

160

102

2.4

4.3

2.1

O (6 months)

31.8

228

142

2.7

4.8

2.5

P (baseline)

27.3

299

216

162

4.3

5.8

3.2

P (6 months)

29.4

262

176

210

2.8

6.7

3.8

Q (baseline)

25.0

245

165

3.5

8.3

4.7

Q (6 months)

25.3

237

160

2.9

8.3

4.1