J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.jocmr.org

Short Communication

Volume 13, Number 7, July 2021, pages 403-408

Course of COVID-19 Based on Admission D-Dimer Levels and Its Influence on Thrombosis and Mortality

**Table 1.** Baseline Characteristics of Study Population
Clinical parameter	Group 1 (n = 414)	Group 2 (n = 284)	Group 3 (n = 22)	P value
SD: standard deviation; NLR: neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; CRP: C-reactive protein.
Age, mean ± SD (years)	44.4 ± 15.1	50.1 ± 16.4	58.2 ± 12.1	0.0005
Gender, n (%)
Male	254 (61.4)	149 (52.5)	17 (77.3)	0.012
Female	160 (38.6)	135 (47.5)	5 (22.7)
Comorbidities, n (%)
Diabetes mellitus	137 (33.1)	111 (39.1)	13 (59.1)	0.021
Coronary artery disease	21 (5.1)	24 (8.5)	1 (4.5)	0.188
Hypertension	104 (25.1)	89 (31.3)	10 (45.5)	0.038
Lung disease	15 (3.6)	18 (6.3)	1 (4.5)	0.251
Oxygen saturation at admission, mean ± SD	97.4 ± 2.2	95.9 ± 4.3	87.3 ± 13.8	0.0005
Presenting symptoms, n (%)
Fever	307 (74.1)	212 (74.6)	18 (81.8)	0.73
Sore throat	117 (28.3)	62 (21.8)	3 (13.6)	0.07
Cough	119 (28.7)	111 (39.1)	10 (45.4)	0.008
Breathlessness	37 (8.9)	69 (24.3)	12 (54.5)	0.0005
Vomiting/diarrhea	32 (7.7)	20 (7.0)	2 (9.1)	0.906
Anosmia	19 (4.5)	15 (5.3)	1 (4.5)	0.914
Ageusia	16 (3.9)	7 (2.5)	0	-
Headache	22 (5.3)	9 (3.2)	1 (4.5)	0.401
Myalgia	57 (13.8)	25 (8.8)	0	-
Fatigue	6 (1.4)	8 (2.8)	0	-
Severity of illness, n (%)
Mild	363 (87.7)	185 (65.1)	6 (27.3)	0.0005
Moderate	39 (9.4)	67 (23.6)	6 (27.3)
Severe	12 (2.9)	32 (11.3)	10 (45.5)
Investigations, mean ± SD
NLR	2.7 ± 3.6	3.9 ± 5.6	10.2 ± 12.1	0.0005
Serum ferritin (ng/mL)	175.4 ± 208.6	263.7 ± 541.1	418.0 ± 396.6	0.001
LDH (IU/L)	254.1 ± 87.1	311.6 ± 162.1	456.9 ± 268.1	0.0005
Sodium (mEq/L)	136.5 ± 3.1	135.5 ± 3.9	132.6 ± 5.9	0.0005
Albumin (g/dL)	4.0 ± 0.4	3.7 ± 0.5	3.3 ± 0.7	0.0005
CRP (mg/dL)	2.2 ± 3.6	5.0 ± 7.9	6.5 ± 5.2	0.0005

Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Study Population

Clinical parameter

Group 1 (n = 414)

Group 2 (n = 284)

Group 3 (n = 22)

P value

SD: standard deviation; NLR: neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; CRP: C-reactive protein.

Age, mean ± SD (years)

44.4 ± 15.1

50.1 ± 16.4

58.2 ± 12.1

0.0005

Gender, n (%)

Male

254 (61.4)

149 (52.5)

17 (77.3)

0.012

Female

160 (38.6)

135 (47.5)

5 (22.7)

Comorbidities, n (%)

Diabetes mellitus

137 (33.1)

111 (39.1)

13 (59.1)

0.021

Coronary artery disease

21 (5.1)

24 (8.5)

1 (4.5)

0.188

Hypertension

104 (25.1)

89 (31.3)

10 (45.5)

0.038

Lung disease

15 (3.6)

18 (6.3)

1 (4.5)

0.251

Oxygen saturation at admission, mean ± SD

97.4 ± 2.2

95.9 ± 4.3

87.3 ± 13.8

0.0005

Presenting symptoms, n (%)

Fever

307 (74.1)

212 (74.6)

18 (81.8)

0.73

Sore throat

117 (28.3)

62 (21.8)

3 (13.6)

0.07

Cough

119 (28.7)

111 (39.1)

10 (45.4)

0.008

Breathlessness

37 (8.9)

69 (24.3)

12 (54.5)

0.0005

Vomiting/diarrhea

32 (7.7)

20 (7.0)

2 (9.1)

0.906

Anosmia

19 (4.5)

15 (5.3)

1 (4.5)

0.914

Ageusia

16 (3.9)

7 (2.5)

Headache

22 (5.3)

9 (3.2)

1 (4.5)

0.401

Myalgia

57 (13.8)

25 (8.8)

Fatigue

6 (1.4)

8 (2.8)

Severity of illness, n (%)

Mild

363 (87.7)

185 (65.1)

6 (27.3)

0.0005

Moderate

39 (9.4)

67 (23.6)

6 (27.3)

Severe

12 (2.9)

32 (11.3)

10 (45.5)

Investigations, mean ± SD

NLR

2.7 ± 3.6

3.9 ± 5.6

10.2 ± 12.1

0.0005

Serum ferritin (ng/mL)

175.4 ± 208.6

263.7 ± 541.1

418.0 ± 396.6

0.001

LDH (IU/L)

254.1 ± 87.1

311.6 ± 162.1

456.9 ± 268.1

0.0005

Sodium (mEq/L)

136.5 ± 3.1

135.5 ± 3.9

132.6 ± 5.9

0.0005

Albumin (g/dL)

4.0 ± 0.4

3.7 ± 0.5

3.3 ± 0.7

0.0005

CRP (mg/dL)

2.2 ± 3.6

5.0 ± 7.9

6.5 ± 5.2

0.0005

**Table 2.** Comparison of the Parameters Between Survivors and Non-Survivors in Each Group
Parameter	Group 1	Group 2	Group 3
^aInvolvement of more than one zone in chest X-ray.
Age, mean ± SD	44.2 ± 15.1	61.8 ± 8.5	0.009	48.7 ± 15.6	70.4 ± 15.2	< 0.001	58.2 ± 14.0	58.3 ± 5.5	0.98
Gender, n (%)
Male	249 (60.9)	5 (100.0)	0.075	138 (51.9)	11 (61.1)	0.448	14 (87.5)	3 (50.0)	0.067
Female	160 (39.1)	0		128 (48.1)	7 (38.9)		2 (12.5)	3 (50.0)
Prior medical illness, n (%)
Diabetes mellitus	133 (32.5)	4 (80.0)	0.048	103 (38.7)	9 (50.0)	0.34	8 (50.0)	5 (83.3)	0.166
Hypertension	102 (24.9)	2 (40.0)	0.678	79 (29.7)	10 (55.6)	0.022	7 (43.7)	3 (50.0)	0.79
Coronary artery disease	20 (4.8)	1 (20.0)	0.526	15 (5.6)	9 (50.0)	< 0.001	1 (6.2)	0	-
Chronic lung disease	14 (3.4)	1 (20.0)	0.455	16 (6.0)	2 (11.1)	0.38	1 (6.2)	0	-
Oxygen saturation, mean ± SD	97.4 ± 2.0	91.8 ± 6.3	< 0.001	96.5 ± 3.7	88.4 ± 5.7	< 0.001	91.0 ± 7.9	77.2 ± 21.1	0.032
Needing supplementary oxygenation at admission
Yes	46 (11.2)	5 (100.0)	< 0.0001	185 (69.6)	18 (100.0)	0.005	10 (62.5)	6 (100.0)	0.085
No	363 (88.8)	0		81 (30.4)	0		6 (37.5)	0
Investigation
NLR, mean ± SD	2.5 ± 2.2	16.7 ± 24.2	< 0.001	3.2 ± 3.6	12.7 ± 14.9	< 0.0001	6.9 ± 8.7	18.8 ± 16.1	0.035
CRP (mg/dL), mean ± SD	2.1 ± 3.5	8.4 ± 7.7	0.0001	4.6 ± 7.8	11.8 ± 6.5	0.0002	5.9 ± 4.7	7.7 ± 6.6	0.468
LDH (IU/L), mean ± SD	232.0 ± 83.8	413.0 ± 169.2	< 0.0001	295.5 ± 131.2	523.3 ± 319.4	< 0.0001	381.3 ± 216.1	646.2 ± 310.9	0.0341
D-dimer (µg/mL), mean ± SD	0.3 ± 0.1	0.4 ± 0.1	0.069	1.2 ± 0.8	1.1 ± 0.6	0.59	9.2 ± 5.3	16.2 ± 17.1	0.148
Ferritin (ng/mL), mean ± SD	170.9 ± 201.5	548.9 ± 408.8	< 0.0001	228.1 ± 369.4	791.2 ± 1,564.0	< 0.0001	429.8 ± 393.9	388.6 ± 439.4	0.834
Albumin (g/dL), mean ± SD	4.0 ± 0.4	3.5 ± 0.8	0.0046	3.8 ± 0.4	3.3 ± 0.5	0.0001	3.6 ± 0.5	2.7 ± 0.8	0.0023
Chest X-ray grade 3^a, n (%)	143 (35.1)	4 (80.0)	0.068	122 (46.6)	15 (83.3)	0.002	10 (62.5)	6 (100.0)	0.085
Complications, n (%)
Thrombotic events	0	1 (20)		3 (1.8)	3 (16.7)		1 (6.2)	0
Sepsis	4 (0.9)	3 (60)		12 (72.3)	13 (72.2)		2 (12.5)	5 (83.3)
Heart failure	0	0		3 (1.8)	4 (22.2)		0	0
Acute kidney injury	7 (1.7)	3 (60.0)		12 (73.2)	8 (44.4)		3 (18.7)	2 (33.3)

Table 2. Comparison of the Parameters Between Survivors and Non-Survivors in Each Group

Parameter

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Survived (n = 409)

Died (n = 5)

P value

Survived (n = 266)

Died (n = 18)

P value

Survived (n = 16)

Died (n = 6)

P value

^aInvolvement of more than one zone in chest X-ray.

Age, mean ± SD

44.2 ± 15.1

61.8 ± 8.5

0.009

48.7 ± 15.6

70.4 ± 15.2

< 0.001

58.2 ± 14.0

58.3 ± 5.5

0.98

Gender, n (%)

Male

249 (60.9)

5 (100.0)

0.075

138 (51.9)

11 (61.1)

0.448

14 (87.5)

3 (50.0)

0.067

Female

160 (39.1)

128 (48.1)

7 (38.9)

2 (12.5)

3 (50.0)

Prior medical illness, n (%)

Diabetes mellitus

133 (32.5)

4 (80.0)

0.048

103 (38.7)

9 (50.0)

0.34

8 (50.0)

5 (83.3)

0.166

Hypertension

102 (24.9)

2 (40.0)

0.678

79 (29.7)

10 (55.6)

0.022

7 (43.7)

3 (50.0)

0.79

Coronary artery disease

20 (4.8)

1 (20.0)

0.526

15 (5.6)

9 (50.0)

< 0.001

1 (6.2)

Chronic lung disease

14 (3.4)

1 (20.0)

0.455

16 (6.0)

2 (11.1)

0.38

1 (6.2)

Oxygen saturation, mean ± SD

97.4 ± 2.0

91.8 ± 6.3

< 0.001

96.5 ± 3.7

88.4 ± 5.7

< 0.001

91.0 ± 7.9

77.2 ± 21.1

0.032

Needing supplementary oxygenation at admission

Yes

46 (11.2)

5 (100.0)

< 0.0001

185 (69.6)

18 (100.0)

0.005

10 (62.5)

6 (100.0)

0.085

363 (88.8)

81 (30.4)

6 (37.5)

Investigation

NLR, mean ± SD

2.5 ± 2.2

16.7 ± 24.2

< 0.001

3.2 ± 3.6

12.7 ± 14.9

< 0.0001

6.9 ± 8.7

18.8 ± 16.1

0.035

CRP (mg/dL), mean ± SD

2.1 ± 3.5

8.4 ± 7.7

0.0001

4.6 ± 7.8

11.8 ± 6.5

0.0002

5.9 ± 4.7

7.7 ± 6.6

0.468

LDH (IU/L), mean ± SD

232.0 ± 83.8

413.0 ± 169.2

< 0.0001

295.5 ± 131.2

523.3 ± 319.4

< 0.0001

381.3 ± 216.1

646.2 ± 310.9

0.0341

D-dimer (µg/mL), mean ± SD

0.3 ± 0.1

0.4 ± 0.1

0.069

1.2 ± 0.8

1.1 ± 0.6

0.59

9.2 ± 5.3

16.2 ± 17.1

0.148

Ferritin (ng/mL), mean ± SD

170.9 ± 201.5

548.9 ± 408.8

< 0.0001

228.1 ± 369.4

791.2 ± 1,564.0

< 0.0001

429.8 ± 393.9

388.6 ± 439.4

0.834

Albumin (g/dL), mean ± SD

4.0 ± 0.4

3.5 ± 0.8

0.0046

3.8 ± 0.4

3.3 ± 0.5

0.0001

3.6 ± 0.5

2.7 ± 0.8

0.0023

Chest X-ray grade 3^a, n (%)

143 (35.1)

4 (80.0)

0.068

122 (46.6)

15 (83.3)

0.002

10 (62.5)

6 (100.0)

0.085

Complications, n (%)

Thrombotic events

1 (20)

3 (1.8)

3 (16.7)

1 (6.2)

Sepsis

4 (0.9)

3 (60)

12 (72.3)

13 (72.2)

2 (12.5)

5 (83.3)

Heart failure

3 (1.8)

4 (22.2)

Acute kidney injury

7 (1.7)

3 (60.0)

12 (73.2)

8 (44.4)

3 (18.7)

2 (33.3)