J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 13, Number 4, April 2021, pages 214-221

Lidocaine Infusion Improves the Functionality of Intraoperative Nerve Monitoring During Thyroid Surgery: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blinded Study

**Table 1.** Selected Characteristics of Study Population
	Study group
*0 condition: no comorbidity; 1 condition: hypertension or diabetes mellitus or hyperlipidemia or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; 2 conditions: hypertension as well as hyperlipidemia or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ≥ 3 conditions: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, as well as coronary artery disease or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or hypothyroidism.
Total	61 (100.0)	32 (100.0)	29 (100.0)
Sex
Male	7 (11.5)	2 (6.3)	5 (17.2)
Female	54 (88.5)	30 (93.8)	24 (82.8)
Ethnicity/race
Hispanic	59 (96.7)	31 (96.9)	28 (96.6)
Black	2 (3.3)	1 (3.1)	1 (3.4)
Age
Mean	57	56	58
Standard deviation	9.6	9.5	9.6
Body mass index
Mean	29.4	29.5	29.4
Standard deviation	4.8	4.4	5.2
Current smoker
Yes	6 (9.8)	3 (9.4)	3 (10.3)
No	55 (90.2)	29 (90.6)	26 (89.7)
Co-morbidity*
0 condition	16 (26.2)	8 (25.0)	8 (27.6)
1 conditions	20 (32.8)	14 (43.8)	6 (20.7)
2 conditions	10 (16.4)	4 (12.5)	6 (20.7)
≥ 3 conditions	15 (24.6)	6 (18.8)	9 (31.0)
Pathology
Thyroid adenoma	33 (54.1)	20 (62.5)	13 (44.9)
Thyroid carcinoma	13 (21.3)	6 (18.8)	7 (24.2)
Parathyroid adenoma	6 (9.8)	3 (9.4)	3 (10.3)
Thyroid and parathyroid	5 (8.2)	2 (6.3)	3 (10.3)
Hashimoto’s/chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis	4 (6.6)	1 (3.1)	3 (10.3)

Table 1. Selected Characteristics of Study Population

Study group

All, N (%)

Lidocaine, N (%)

Placebo, N (%)

*0 condition: no comorbidity; 1 condition: hypertension or diabetes mellitus or hyperlipidemia or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; 2 conditions: hypertension as well as hyperlipidemia or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ≥ 3 conditions: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, as well as coronary artery disease or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or hypothyroidism.

Total

61 (100.0)

32 (100.0)

29 (100.0)

Sex

Male

7 (11.5)

2 (6.3)

5 (17.2)

Female

54 (88.5)

30 (93.8)

24 (82.8)

Ethnicity/race

Hispanic

59 (96.7)

31 (96.9)

28 (96.6)

Black

2 (3.3)

1 (3.1)

1 (3.4)

Age

Mean

Standard deviation

9.6

9.5

9.6

Body mass index

Mean

29.4

29.5

29.4

Standard deviation

4.8

4.4

5.2

Current smoker

Yes

6 (9.8)

3 (9.4)

3 (10.3)

55 (90.2)

29 (90.6)

26 (89.7)

Co-morbidity*

0 condition

16 (26.2)

8 (25.0)

8 (27.6)

1 conditions

20 (32.8)

14 (43.8)

6 (20.7)

2 conditions

10 (16.4)

4 (12.5)

6 (20.7)

≥ 3 conditions

15 (24.6)

6 (18.8)

9 (31.0)

Pathology

Thyroid adenoma

33 (54.1)

20 (62.5)

13 (44.9)

Thyroid carcinoma

13 (21.3)

6 (18.8)

7 (24.2)

Parathyroid adenoma

6 (9.8)

3 (9.4)

3 (10.3)

Thyroid and parathyroid

5 (8.2)

2 (6.3)

3 (10.3)

Hashimoto’s/chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis

4 (6.6)

1 (3.1)

3 (10.3)

**Table 2.** Exploratory Outcome Measures
Exploratory outcome	Study group	t-value	X² value	P value^a
^aStatistically significant at < 0.05. ^bDiastolic blood pressure at extubation.^cAdditional cisatracurium during surgery (2 - 4 mg). ^dHypotensive episodes requiring rescue medications more than twice during surgery. X²: Chi-square; N/A: not applicable.
Total	32 (100.0)	29 (100.0)	-	-	-
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)^b
Mean	77.3	82.8	-2.7	N/A	0.043
Standard deviation	8.5	8.9
Procedure duration (min)
≤ 120	25 (78.1)	13 (44.8)	N/A	6.7	0.009
> 120	7 (21.9)	16 (55.2)
Cisatracurium (2 - 4 mg)^c
Yes	11 (34.4)	21 (72.4)	N/A	8.8	0.002
No	21 (65.6)	8 (27.6)
Hypotensive episodes^d
Yes	2 (6.3)	9 (31.0)	N/A	0.0183	0.02
No	30 (93.7)	20 (69.0)

Table 2. Exploratory Outcome Measures

Exploratory outcome

Study group

t-value

X² value

P value^a

Lidocaine, N (%)

Placebo, N (%)

^aStatistically significant at < 0.05. ^bDiastolic blood pressure at extubation.^cAdditional cisatracurium during surgery (2 - 4 mg). ^dHypotensive episodes requiring rescue medications more than twice during surgery. X²: Chi-square; N/A: not applicable.

Total

32 (100.0)

29 (100.0)

Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)^b

Mean

77.3

82.8

-2.7

N/A

0.043

Standard deviation

8.5

8.9

Procedure duration (min)

≤ 120

25 (78.1)

13 (44.8)

N/A

6.7

0.009

> 120

7 (21.9)

16 (55.2)

Cisatracurium (2 - 4 mg)^c

Yes

11 (34.4)

21 (72.4)

N/A

8.8

0.002

21 (65.6)

8 (27.6)

Hypotensive episodes^d

Yes

2 (6.3)

9 (31.0)

N/A

0.0183

0.02

30 (93.7)

20 (69.0)