J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 13, Number 3, March 2021, pages 151-157

Relations Between Urinary Albumin Excretion and a Dietary Intake of Fruits in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

**Table 1.** Characteristics of Subject and Biochemical Data
	Patients without microalbuminuria (n = 29)	Microalbuminuria (n = 13)
The data were expressed as median (first quartiles to third quartiles). ***P < 0.0001 vs. patients without microalbuminuria. ^aModerate drinking alcohol are less than 20 g/day in purely alcohol. ^bHeavy drinking alcohol are above 20 g/day in purely alcohol. n: number; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; DPP-4: dipeptidyl peptidase-4; α-GI: α-glucosidase inhibitor; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin.
Subjects (male/female)	29 (19/10)	13 (10/3)
Age (years)	68 (63 - 78)	65 (59 - 71)
Duration of diabetes (years)	9 (6 - 15.5)	6 (1.5 - 9)
Smoking, n (%)
Current	5 (17.2)	4 (30.8)
Ex-smoker	8 (27.6)	1 (7.7)
Never	16 (55.2)	8 (61.5)
Drinking alcohol, n (%)
Moderate^a	6 (20.7)	3 (23.1)
Heavy^b	4 (13.8)	2 (15.4)
Non-drinker	19 (65.5)	8 (61.5)
Medication, n (%)
ARB	5 (17.2)	3 (23.1)
Statin	8 (27.6)	1 (7.7)
Biguanide	9 (31.0)	5 (38.5)
DPP-4 inhibitor	14 (48.3)	6 (46.2)
Sulfonylurea	8 (27.6)	2 (15.4)
α-GI	0 (0.0)	1 (7.7)
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	130 (121 - 137)	137 (125 - 150)
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	70 (63 - 80)	82 (71 - 88)
Body mass index (kg/m²)	21.9 (20.2 - 23.7)	23.0 (20.9 - 25.0)
Total protein (g/dL)	7.2 (6.9 - 7.5)	7.4 (7.2 - 7.7)
Urinary albumin/creatinine (mg/g Cr)	9.3 (5.0 - 19.7)	75.6 (45.8 - 111.1)***
Albumin (g/dL)	4.4 (4.2 - 4.5)	4.3 (4.2 - 4.5)
Aspartate amino transaminase (U/L)	19 (18 - 24)	22 (15 - 27)
Alanine amino transaminase (U/L)	16 (14 - 24)	20 (16 - 26)
γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase (U/L)	20 (17 - 35)	25 (18 - 60)
Urea nitrogen (mg/dL)	16.7 (13.0 - 19.6)	16.1 (14.4 - 19.0)
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.74 (0.62 - 0.83)	0.65 (0.58 - 0.91)
Uric acid (mg/dL)	5.0 (4.1 - 6.3)	5.2 (4.7 - 6.4)
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)	75.7 (63.2 - 82.1)	76.0 (70.0 - 97.5)
HbA1c (%)	7.3 (6.9 - 7.8)	7.4 (6.8 - 9.3)

Table 1. Characteristics of Subject and Biochemical Data

Patients without microalbuminuria (n = 29)

Microalbuminuria (n = 13)

The data were expressed as median (first quartiles to third quartiles). ***P < 0.0001 vs. patients without microalbuminuria. ^aModerate drinking alcohol are less than 20 g/day in purely alcohol. ^bHeavy drinking alcohol are above 20 g/day in purely alcohol. n: number; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; DPP-4: dipeptidyl peptidase-4; α-GI: α-glucosidase inhibitor; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin.

Subjects (male/female)

29 (19/10)

13 (10/3)

Age (years)

68 (63 - 78)

65 (59 - 71)

Duration of diabetes (years)

9 (6 - 15.5)

6 (1.5 - 9)

Smoking, n (%)

Current

5 (17.2)

4 (30.8)

Ex-smoker

8 (27.6)

1 (7.7)

Never

16 (55.2)

8 (61.5)

Drinking alcohol, n (%)

Moderate^a

6 (20.7)

3 (23.1)

Heavy^b

4 (13.8)

2 (15.4)

Non-drinker

19 (65.5)

8 (61.5)

Medication, n (%)

ARB

5 (17.2)

3 (23.1)

Statin

8 (27.6)

1 (7.7)

Biguanide

9 (31.0)

5 (38.5)

DPP-4 inhibitor

14 (48.3)

6 (46.2)

Sulfonylurea

8 (27.6)

2 (15.4)

α-GI

0 (0.0)

1 (7.7)

Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

130 (121 - 137)

137 (125 - 150)

Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

70 (63 - 80)

82 (71 - 88)

Body mass index (kg/m²)

21.9 (20.2 - 23.7)

23.0 (20.9 - 25.0)

Total protein (g/dL)

7.2 (6.9 - 7.5)

7.4 (7.2 - 7.7)

Urinary albumin/creatinine (mg/g Cr)

9.3 (5.0 - 19.7)

75.6 (45.8 - 111.1)***

Albumin (g/dL)

4.4 (4.2 - 4.5)

4.3 (4.2 - 4.5)

Aspartate amino transaminase (U/L)

19 (18 - 24)

22 (15 - 27)

Alanine amino transaminase (U/L)

16 (14 - 24)

20 (16 - 26)

γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase (U/L)

20 (17 - 35)

25 (18 - 60)

Urea nitrogen (mg/dL)

16.7 (13.0 - 19.6)

16.1 (14.4 - 19.0)

Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.74 (0.62 - 0.83)

0.65 (0.58 - 0.91)

Uric acid (mg/dL)

5.0 (4.1 - 6.3)

5.2 (4.7 - 6.4)

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

75.7 (63.2 - 82.1)

76.0 (70.0 - 97.5)

HbA1c (%)

7.3 (6.9 - 7.8)

7.4 (6.8 - 9.3)

**Table 2.** The Daily Nutrient Intake Status and Intake Volume of Food Group by Food Frequency Questionnaire Based on Food Group (FFQg)
	Patients without microalbuminuria (n = 29)	Microalbuminuria (n = 13)
The data were expressed as median (first quartiles to third quartiles). *P < 0.05 vs. patients without microalbuminuria.
Nutrition intake
Energy (kcal/day)	1,713 (1,416 - 1,981)	1,692 (1,482 - 1,921)
Protein (g/day)	59.2 (50.1 - 72.7)	70.5 (54.4 - 84.3)
Animal protein (%)	48.7 (40.2 - 57.4)	51.4 (44.3 - 56.8)
Fat (g/day)	50.3 (39.3 - 64.2)	51.8 (43.4 - 63.5)
Carbohydrate (g/day)	218.1 (197.7 - 259.0)	224.1 (179.2 - 262.5)
Potassium (mg/day)	2,237 (1,908 - 2,723)	2,635 (1,718 - 3,226)
Salt (g/day)	7.8 (6.5 - 9.7)	7.3 (6.2 - 9.1)
Food group (/day)
Grain (g)	330 (264 - 378)	302 (200 - 329)
Potatoes (g)	29 (14 - 50)	24 (1 - 57)
Green and yellow vegetables (g)	75 (50 - 134)	75 (25 - 166)
Other vegetables/fungi (g)	143 (83 - 240)	78 (32 - 240)
Sea weeds (g)	5 (3 - 8)	6 (4 - 12)
Soybeans and soy products (g)	70 (31 - 140)	121 (61 - 138)
Fishes and shellfishes (g)	53 (41 - 91)	76 (35 - 108)
Meats (g)	43 (17 - 66)	42 (29 - 60)
Eggs (g)	18 (9 - 32)	21 (16 - 46)
Milk and milk products (g)	188 (49 - 276)	134 (78 - 237)
Fruits (g)	120 (55 - 150)	38 (8 - 77)*
Confectionaries (g)	34 (9 - 73)	31 (16 - 114)
Alcohol and beverages (g)	0 (0 - 183)	30 (0 - 390)
Sugar (g)	6 (3 - 10)	5 (3 - 9)
Nuts and sesame (g)	1 (0 - 4)	0 (0 - 2)
Oil and fats (g)	8 (3 - 21)	8 (3 - 10)
Seasoning and spices (g)	20 (13 - 28)	16 (15 - 22)

Table 2. The Daily Nutrient Intake Status and Intake Volume of Food Group by Food Frequency Questionnaire Based on Food Group (FFQg)

Patients without microalbuminuria (n = 29)

Microalbuminuria (n = 13)

The data were expressed as median (first quartiles to third quartiles). *P < 0.05 vs. patients without microalbuminuria.

Nutrition intake

Energy (kcal/day)

1,713 (1,416 - 1,981)

1,692 (1,482 - 1,921)

Protein (g/day)

59.2 (50.1 - 72.7)

70.5 (54.4 - 84.3)

Animal protein (%)

48.7 (40.2 - 57.4)

51.4 (44.3 - 56.8)

Fat (g/day)

50.3 (39.3 - 64.2)

51.8 (43.4 - 63.5)

Carbohydrate (g/day)

218.1 (197.7 - 259.0)

224.1 (179.2 - 262.5)

Potassium (mg/day)

2,237 (1,908 - 2,723)

2,635 (1,718 - 3,226)

Salt (g/day)

7.8 (6.5 - 9.7)

7.3 (6.2 - 9.1)

Food group (/day)

Grain (g)

330 (264 - 378)

302 (200 - 329)

Potatoes (g)

29 (14 - 50)

24 (1 - 57)

Green and yellow vegetables (g)

75 (50 - 134)

75 (25 - 166)

Other vegetables/fungi (g)

143 (83 - 240)

78 (32 - 240)

Sea weeds (g)

5 (3 - 8)

6 (4 - 12)

Soybeans and soy products (g)

70 (31 - 140)

121 (61 - 138)

Fishes and shellfishes (g)

53 (41 - 91)

76 (35 - 108)

Meats (g)

43 (17 - 66)

42 (29 - 60)

Eggs (g)

18 (9 - 32)

21 (16 - 46)

Milk and milk products (g)

188 (49 - 276)

134 (78 - 237)

Fruits (g)

120 (55 - 150)

38 (8 - 77)*

Confectionaries (g)

34 (9 - 73)

31 (16 - 114)

Alcohol and beverages (g)

0 (0 - 183)

30 (0 - 390)

Sugar (g)

6 (3 - 10)

5 (3 - 9)

Nuts and sesame (g)

1 (0 - 4)

0 (0 - 2)

Oil and fats (g)

8 (3 - 21)

8 (3 - 10)

Seasoning and spices (g)

20 (13 - 28)

16 (15 - 22)