J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 12, Number 12, December 2020, pages 803-808

Substance Use Patterns and Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Retrospective Study of Inpatients at a Community Teaching Hospital

**Table 1.** Characteristics of the Study Population
Variables	Substance use	P value
*Based on two sample t-test for independent samples. All other analyses in Table 1 are based on χ² test. Note that all patients included in this study were diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs). AA: African American.
Age (years ± SD)	41.7 ± 12.1	43.3 ± 15.1	0.326*
Age category, n (%)			0.652
18 - 42	140 (52.24)	40 (49.38)
> 42	128 (47.76)	41 (50.62)
Sex, n (%)			0.001
Female	66 (24.63)	37 (45.68)
Male	199 (74.25)	43 (53.09)
Trans female	3 (1.12)	1 (1.23)
Race, n (%)			0.008
Black or AA	217 (80.97)	53 (65.43)
White	13 (4.85)	10 (12.35)
Hispanic	33 (12.31)	13 (16.05)
Other	5 (1.87)	5 (6.17)
Length of stay (days ± SD)	13.8 ± 13.3	15.7 ± 11.2	0.253
Length of stay category, n (%)			0.326
0 - 12 days	162 (60.45)	44 (54.32)
> 12 days	106 (39.55)	37 (45.68)
Marital status, n (%)			0.578
Single	254 (94.78)	78 (96.30)
Married	14 (5.22)	3 (3.70)
Employment status, n (%)			0.688
Unemployed	259 (96.64)	79 (97.53)
Employed	9 (3.36)	2 (2.47)
Living arrangement, n (%)			0.984
Homeless	136 (50.75)	41 (50.62)
Domiciled	132 (49.25)	40 (49.38)
Readmitted within 30 days, n (%)			0.616
No	229 (85.45)	71 (87.65)
Yes	39 (14.55)	10 (12.35)

Table 1. Characteristics of the Study Population

Variables

Substance use

P value

Yes (n = 268)

No (n = 81)

*Based on two sample t-test for independent samples. All other analyses in Table 1 are based on χ² test. Note that all patients included in this study were diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs). AA: African American.

Age (years ± SD)

41.7 ± 12.1

43.3 ± 15.1

0.326*

Age category, n (%)

0.652

18 - 42

140 (52.24)

40 (49.38)

> 42

128 (47.76)

41 (50.62)

Sex, n (%)

0.001

Female

66 (24.63)

37 (45.68)

Male

199 (74.25)

43 (53.09)

Trans female

3 (1.12)

1 (1.23)

Race, n (%)

0.008

Black or AA

217 (80.97)

53 (65.43)

White

13 (4.85)

10 (12.35)

Hispanic

33 (12.31)

13 (16.05)

Other

5 (1.87)

5 (6.17)

Length of stay (days ± SD)

13.8 ± 13.3

15.7 ± 11.2

0.253

Length of stay category, n (%)

0.326

0 - 12 days

162 (60.45)

44 (54.32)

> 12 days

106 (39.55)

37 (45.68)

Marital status, n (%)

0.578

Single

254 (94.78)

78 (96.30)

Married

14 (5.22)

3 (3.70)

Employment status, n (%)

0.688

Unemployed

259 (96.64)

79 (97.53)

Employed

9 (3.36)

2 (2.47)

Living arrangement, n (%)

0.984

Homeless

136 (50.75)

41 (50.62)

Domiciled

132 (49.25)

40 (49.38)

Readmitted within 30 days, n (%)

0.616

229 (85.45)

71 (87.65)

Yes

39 (14.55)

10 (12.35)

**Table 2.** Frequency Distribution of the Substances Used in the Study Population
Variable	N	%
Alcohol
No	205	59.8
Yes	138	40.2
Amphetamine
No	316	98.1
Yes	6	1.9
Benzodiazepine
No	314	96.6
Yes	6	3.4
Cannabis
No	189	58.5
Yes	134	41.5
Cocaine
No	236	72.6
Yes	89	27.4
K2 (synthetic cannabinoids)
No	217	93.1
Yes	16	6.9
Opioids
No	312	95.7
Yes	14	4.3
Tobacco
No	129	37.7
Yes	213	62.3

Table 2. Frequency Distribution of the Substances Used in the Study Population

Variable

Alcohol

205

59.8

Yes

138

40.2

Amphetamine

316

98.1

Yes

1.9

Benzodiazepine

314

96.6

Yes

3.4

Cannabis

189

58.5

Yes

134

41.5

Cocaine

236

72.6

Yes

27.4

K2 (synthetic cannabinoids)

217

93.1

Yes

6.9

Opioids

312

95.7

Yes

4.3

Tobacco

129

37.7

Yes

213

62.3

**Table 3.** Unadjusted Odds Ratios (ORs), 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and P Values From Bivariate Logistic Regression Models in Patients Using Tobacco
Variables	Unadjusted OR	95% CI	P value
Alcohol use
Yes vs. No	7.24	4.14 - 12.67	0.000
Amphetamine use
Yes vs. No	3.09	0.36 - 26.74	0.307
Benzodiazepine use
Yes vs. No	2.78	0.59 - 13.10	0.196
Cannabis use
Yes vs. No	2.8	1.70 - 4.59	0.000
Cocaine
Yes vs. No	5	2.60 - 9.52	0.000
K2 use
Yes vs. No	4.62	1.02 - 20.99	0.048
Opioids
Yes vs. No	2.26	0.62 - 8.27	0.218

Table 3. Unadjusted Odds Ratios (ORs), 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and P Values From Bivariate Logistic Regression Models in Patients Using Tobacco

Variables

Unadjusted OR

95% CI

P value

Alcohol use

Yes vs. No

7.24

4.14 - 12.67

0.000

Amphetamine use

Yes vs. No

3.09

0.36 - 26.74

0.307

Benzodiazepine use

Yes vs. No

2.78

0.59 - 13.10

0.196

Cannabis use

Yes vs. No

2.8

1.70 - 4.59

0.000

Cocaine

Yes vs. No

2.60 - 9.52

0.000

K2 use

Yes vs. No

4.62

1.02 - 20.99

0.048

Opioids

Yes vs. No

2.26

0.62 - 8.27

0.218

**Table 4.** Adjusted Odds Ratios (ORs), 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and P values From Multivariate Logistic Regression Model in Patients Using Tobacco^a
Variables	Adjusted OR	95% CI	P value
^aAll the covariates in the bivariate analyses in Table 3, were included in the multivariate model regardless of statistical significance.
Alcohol use
Yes vs. No	2.3	1.12 - 4.72	0.023
Amphetamine use
Yes vs. No	2.35	0.20 - 27.03	0.493
Benzodiazepine use
Yes vs. No	2.62	0.23 - 29.65	0.436
Cannabis use
Yes vs. No	2.94	1.58 - 5.48	0.001
Cocaine use
Yes vs. No	3.4	1.45 - 7.97	0.005
K2 use
Yes vs. No	2.22	0.40 - 12.37	0.362
Opioids
Yes vs. No	1.82	0.40 - 8.32	0.442

Table 4. Adjusted Odds Ratios (ORs), 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and P values From Multivariate Logistic Regression Model in Patients Using Tobacco^a

Variables

Adjusted OR

95% CI

P value

^aAll the covariates in the bivariate analyses in Table 3, were included in the multivariate model regardless of statistical significance.

Alcohol use

Yes vs. No

2.3

1.12 - 4.72

0.023

Amphetamine use

Yes vs. No

2.35

0.20 - 27.03

0.493

Benzodiazepine use

Yes vs. No

2.62

0.23 - 29.65

0.436

Cannabis use

Yes vs. No

2.94

1.58 - 5.48

0.001

Cocaine use

Yes vs. No

3.4

1.45 - 7.97

0.005

K2 use

Yes vs. No

2.22

0.40 - 12.37

0.362

Opioids

Yes vs. No

1.82

0.40 - 8.32

0.442