J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.jocmr.org

Review

Volume 12, Number 10, October 2020, pages 634-639

Could Estrogen Protect Women From COVID-19?

Figure 1. Effects of estrogen on various components of immune system. IL: interleukin; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; Ig: immunoglobulin.

**Table 1.** Summary of Observational Studies Evaluating Effects of Estrogen on Immune Response
Year	Authors	Study conclusion
HIV: human immunodeficiency virus.
1992	Manyonda et al [27]	Therapeutic doses of estrogen modulated immune responses in postmenopausal women.
2000	Smith et al [12]	Estrogen prevented vaginal transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus in macaques.
2004	Miller et al [23]	Estrogen attenuated the early vascular injury response by negatively modulating proinflammatory mediator expression and chemotactic activity of injured vessels for neutrophils in rats.
2007	Hsieh et al [24]	Estrogen showed protective effect on lung injury mediated via downregulation of lung MIF and TLR4-induced cytokine/chemokine production.
2010	Hayashida et al [19]	Estrogen inhibits the production of hepatitis C infectious particles in human cells.
2012	Furusyo et al [20]	Selective estrogen receptor modulator improved the efficacy of treatment of postmenopausal women with chronic hepatitis C.
2013	Murakami et al [21]	Selective estrogen receptor modulators seemed to target multiple steps of hepatitis C viral life cycle: attachment, entry, replication, and post replication events in viral culture system.
2013	Johansen et al [13]	Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) acted as potent inhibitors of viral infection in mice.
2013	Rodriguez-Garcia et al [17]	Estrogen reduces susceptibility of human CD4⁺ T cells and macrophages to HIV infection.
2014	Robinson et al [15]	Estrogen regulates neutrophils mediated inflammation and tissue repair during influenza virus infection in mice.
2015	Villa et al [25]	Estrogen accelerates the resolution of inflammation in macrophagic cells in mice cell lines.
2016	Peretz et al [16]	Estrogenic compounds reduced influenza A virus replication in primary human nasal epithelial cells derived from females.
2016	Engelmann et al [28]	Estrogen affected immune homeostasis and humoral immune responses in postmenopausal women.
2017	Fan et al [14]	Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) selectively inhibited Ebola virus entry and infection in human cell lines.
2019	Lamin et al [22]	Tamoxifen protects from vesicular stomatitis virus infection in mice.

Table 1. Summary of Observational Studies Evaluating Effects of Estrogen on Immune Response

Year

Authors

Study conclusion

HIV: human immunodeficiency virus.

1992

Manyonda et al [27]

Therapeutic doses of estrogen modulated immune responses in postmenopausal women.

2000

Smith et al [12]

Estrogen prevented vaginal transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus in macaques.

2004

Miller et al [23]

Estrogen attenuated the early vascular injury response by negatively modulating proinflammatory mediator expression and chemotactic activity of injured vessels for neutrophils in rats.

2007

Hsieh et al [24]

Estrogen showed protective effect on lung injury mediated via downregulation of lung MIF and TLR4-induced cytokine/chemokine production.

2010

Hayashida et al [19]

Estrogen inhibits the production of hepatitis C infectious particles in human cells.

2012

Furusyo et al [20]

Selective estrogen receptor modulator improved the efficacy of treatment of postmenopausal women with chronic hepatitis C.

2013

Murakami et al [21]

Selective estrogen receptor modulators seemed to target multiple steps of hepatitis C viral life cycle: attachment, entry, replication, and post replication events in viral culture system.

2013

Johansen et al [13]

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) acted as potent inhibitors of viral infection in mice.

2013

Rodriguez-Garcia et al [17]

Estrogen reduces susceptibility of human CD4⁺ T cells and macrophages to HIV infection.

2014

Robinson et al [15]

Estrogen regulates neutrophils mediated inflammation and tissue repair during influenza virus infection in mice.

2015

Villa et al [25]

Estrogen accelerates the resolution of inflammation in macrophagic cells in mice cell lines.

2016

Peretz et al [16]

Estrogenic compounds reduced influenza A virus replication in primary human nasal epithelial cells derived from females.

2016

Engelmann et al [28]

Estrogen affected immune homeostasis and humoral immune responses in postmenopausal women.

2017

Fan et al [14]

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) selectively inhibited Ebola virus entry and infection in human cell lines.

2019

Lamin et al [22]

Tamoxifen protects from vesicular stomatitis virus infection in mice.