Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access
Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc
Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 12, Number 7, July 2020, pages 409-414

A Comparative Analysis of Cardiovascular Risk in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Seropositive and -Seronegative Pre-Menopausal Women

Figure

Figure 1.
Figure 1. Flow chart illustrating derivation of final sample. The total sample was 82,091. All the exclusion criteria were applied. The final sample was 9,639. Overall, 9,610 people were HIV-negative, four were HIV-indeterminate and 25 were HIV-positive. HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; MI: myocardial infarction.

Tables

Table 1. Framingham Coronary Artery Disease Risk Calculator [11]
 
VariablesResponse
HDL: high-density lipoprotein.
Age__ years
GenderMale/female
Total cholesterol__ mmol/L
HDL cholesterol__ mmol/L
SmokerYes/no
Diabetes mellitusYes/no
Systolic blood pressure__mm Hg
Is the person taking medicines for high blood pressure?Yes/no

 

Table 2. Baseline Characteristics of the Sample
 
CharacteristicsHIV-positive women (N = 25)HIV-negative women (N = 9,610)P value
SD: standard deviation; CAD: coronary artery disease; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus.
Age in years, mean (SD)39.44 (7.46)33.90 (8.94)0.147
Race, n (%)< 0.001
  Caucasian1 (4.0)4,030 (41.9)
  African American21 (84.0)1,916 (19.9)
  Hispanic2 (8.0)2,844 (29.6)
  Others1 (4.0)820 (8.5)
Married, n (%)6 (24.0)4,802 (50)0.049
Pregnant, n (%)1 (4.0)1,173 (12.2)0.358
Family history of CAD, n (%)3 (12.0)1,199 (12.5)0.943
Current smokers, n (%)0 (0.0)858 (8.9)0.242
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)1 (4)537 (5.6)0.729

 

Table 3. Comparison of Framingham Risk Score and Its Component Variables Between HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Pre-Menopausal Women
 
VariablesHIV-positive pre-menopausal women (N = 25)HIV-negative pre-menopausal women (N = 9,610)P value
*Diastolic blood pressure and C-reactive protein are not part of the Framingham risk score. SD: standard deviation; BP: blood pressure; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus.
Age in years, mean (SD)39.44 (7.46)33.90 (8.94)0.147
Systolic BP, mm Hg, mean (SD)113.4 (23.1)109.3 (18.6)0.215
Diastolic BP*, mm Hg, mean (SD)67.23 (17.3)66.0 (13.8)0.136
On medicines for BP, n (%)5 (20.0)930 (9.7)0.082
Current smokers, n (%)0 (0.0)858 (8.9)0.242
Hemoglobin A1c, mean (SD)5.27 (0.42)5.33 (0.79)0.531
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL, mean (SD)45.4 (9.8)57.4 (16.2)0.050
Total cholesterol, mg/dL, mean (SD)187.0 (42.5)192.5 (41.4)0.523
C-reactive protein*, mg/dL, mean (SD)0.36 (0.31)0.51 (0.82)0.113
Framingham 10-year risk score2.12 (2.73)0.95 (1.93)0.010

 

Table 4. Comparison of Cardiovascular Risk Factor Modification Strategies Between HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Pre-Menopausal Women
 
HIV-positive pre-menopausal women (N = 25)HIV-negative pre-menopausal women (N = 9,610)P value
HIV: human immunodeficiency virus.
Physician’s advices on lifestyle modification
  Told to lose weight, n (%)4 (16.0)1,020 (10.6)0.383
  Told to exercise, n (%)7 (28.0)1,254 (13.0)0.027
  Told to modify diet, n (%)7 (28.0)1,277 (13.3)0.031
Patient’s adherence to lifestyle modification
  Trying to lose weight, n (%)7 (28.0)1,864 (19.0)0.277
  Trying to increase exercise, n (%)6 (24.0)1,821 (18.9)0.520
  Trying to modify diet, n (%)8 (32.0)2,356 (24.5)0.385
  Tried to quit smoking, n (%)0 (0.0)163 (1.7)0.485