Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access
Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc
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Original Article

Volume 12, Number 7, July 2020, pages 431-435


Uric Acid and Prevalence of Hypertension in a General Population of Japanese: ISSA-CKD Study

Tables

Table 1. Baseline Characteristics According to Serum Uric Acid Levels
 
Uric acidP value
< 357 µmol/L (< 6 mg/dL) (N = 5,510)357 - 415 µmol/L (6 - 6.9 mg/dL) (N = 1,183)416 - 475 µmol/L (7 - 7.9 mg/dL) (N = 540)≥ 476 µmol/L (≥ 8 mg/dL) (N = 251)
Values are mean (standard deviation), or number of participants (percent).
Age, years59.3 (11.8)59.5 (11.5)58.6 (12.0)57.8 (12.0)0.104
Male1,826 (33%)950 (80%)488 (90%)227 (90%)< 0.001
Current smoking924 (17%)347 (29%)178 (33%)82 (33%)< 0.001
Current alcohol intake855 (17%)441 (41%)235 (49%)111 (51%)< 0.001
Body mass index, kg/m223.3 (3.5)24.5 (3.4)25.3 (3.6)25.6 (3.8)< 0.001
Obesity1,592 (29%)476 (40%)272 (50%)140 (56%)< 0.001
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg128.2 (19.1)132.2 (18.5)132.6 (18.4)132.6 (17.3)< 0.001
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg74.0 (11.1)76.7 (11.3)78.1 (11.6)78.7 (12.0)< 0.001
Blood pressure lowering medication1,519 (28%)433 (37%)201 (37%)102 (41%)< 0.001
Glycated hemoglobin, %5.3 (0.8)5.2 (0.6)5.3 (0.8)5.3 (0.7)0.007
Glucose lowering therapy322 (6%)78 (7%)44 (8%)10 (4%)0.069
Diabetes586 (11%)133 (11%)73 (14%)28 (11%)0.222
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L3.14 (0.82)3.12 (0.85)3.09 (0.83)3.14 (0.98)0.766
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L1.65 (0.48)1.50 (0.42)1.49 (0.48)1.40 (0.50)< 0.001
Triglyceride, mmol/L1.23 (0.79)1.56 (1.06)1.69 (1.18)2.22 (1.66)< 0.001
Lipid lowering medication745 (14%)150 (13%)60 (11%)22 (9%)0.073
Dyslipidemia2,115 (38%)586 (50%)287 (53%)176 (70%)< 0.001
Estimated glomerular filtration rate, mL/min/1.73 m276.5 (15.6)72.4 (16.3)68.1 (17)65.5 (17.4)< 0.001
Proteinuria253 (5%)85 (7%)66 (12%)43 (17%)< 0.001
Chronic kidney disease792 (14%)266 (23%)184 (34%)105 (42%)< 0.001

 

Table 2. Association of Serum Uric Acid and Prevalence of Hypertension
 
Uric acidP value for trend
< 357 µmol/L (< 6 mg/dL)357 - 415 µmol/L (6 - 6.9 mg/dL)416 - 475 µmol/L (7 - 7.9 mg/dL)≥ 476 µmol/L (≥ 8 mg/dL)
aAdjusted for age, sex, current smoking, current alcohol intake, obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, estimated glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria. OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.
No. of hypertensives/participants2,356/5,510650/1,183311/540150/251
Prevalence (%)42.8%55.0%57.6%59.8%
Crude OR (95% CI)Reference1.63 (1.44 - 1.85)1.82 (1.52 – 2.17)1.99 (1.54 - 2.57)< 0.001
Adjusted ORa (95% CI)Reference1.50 (1.28 - 1.77)1.58 (1.25 - 1.99)1.89 (1.36 - 2.64)< 0.001

 

Table 3. Association of Serum Uric Acid and Prevalence of Hypertension in Subgroups
 
SubgroupAdjusted odds ratio per 1 SDa increase in serum uric acid (95% CI)P value for interaction
a93 µmol/L (1.57 mg/dL). bAdjusted for age, current smoking, current alcohol intake, obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, estimated glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria. cAdjusted for age, sex, current smoking, obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, estimated glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria. dAdjusted for age, sex, current smoking, current alcohol intake, obesity, diabetes and dyslipidemia. SD: standard deviation; CI: confidence interval.
Gender
  Male1.26 (1.14 - 1.40)b0.235
  Female1.39 (1.23 - 1.58)b
Current alcohol intake
  No1.39 (1.26 - 1.53)c0.125
  Yes1.19 (1.03 - 1.37)c
Chronic kidney disease
  Absent1.32 (1.21 - 1.43)d0.847
  Present1.16 (1.01 - 1.33)d