J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 12, Number 7, July 2020, pages 431-435

Uric Acid and Prevalence of Hypertension in a General Population of Japanese: ISSA-CKD Study

**Table 1.** Baseline Characteristics According to Serum Uric Acid Levels
	Uric acid	P value
Values are mean (standard deviation), or number of participants (percent).
Age, years	59.3 (11.8)	59.5 (11.5)	58.6 (12.0)	57.8 (12.0)	0.104
Male	1,826 (33%)	950 (80%)	488 (90%)	227 (90%)	< 0.001
Current smoking	924 (17%)	347 (29%)	178 (33%)	82 (33%)	< 0.001
Current alcohol intake	855 (17%)	441 (41%)	235 (49%)	111 (51%)	< 0.001
Body mass index, kg/m²	23.3 (3.5)	24.5 (3.4)	25.3 (3.6)	25.6 (3.8)	< 0.001
Obesity	1,592 (29%)	476 (40%)	272 (50%)	140 (56%)	< 0.001
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg	128.2 (19.1)	132.2 (18.5)	132.6 (18.4)	132.6 (17.3)	< 0.001
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg	74.0 (11.1)	76.7 (11.3)	78.1 (11.6)	78.7 (12.0)	< 0.001
Blood pressure lowering medication	1,519 (28%)	433 (37%)	201 (37%)	102 (41%)	< 0.001
Glycated hemoglobin, %	5.3 (0.8)	5.2 (0.6)	5.3 (0.8)	5.3 (0.7)	0.007
Glucose lowering therapy	322 (6%)	78 (7%)	44 (8%)	10 (4%)	0.069
Diabetes	586 (11%)	133 (11%)	73 (14%)	28 (11%)	0.222
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L	3.14 (0.82)	3.12 (0.85)	3.09 (0.83)	3.14 (0.98)	0.766
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L	1.65 (0.48)	1.50 (0.42)	1.49 (0.48)	1.40 (0.50)	< 0.001
Triglyceride, mmol/L	1.23 (0.79)	1.56 (1.06)	1.69 (1.18)	2.22 (1.66)	< 0.001
Lipid lowering medication	745 (14%)	150 (13%)	60 (11%)	22 (9%)	0.073
Dyslipidemia	2,115 (38%)	586 (50%)	287 (53%)	176 (70%)	< 0.001
Estimated glomerular filtration rate, mL/min/1.73 m²	76.5 (15.6)	72.4 (16.3)	68.1 (17)	65.5 (17.4)	< 0.001
Proteinuria	253 (5%)	85 (7%)	66 (12%)	43 (17%)	< 0.001
Chronic kidney disease	792 (14%)	266 (23%)	184 (34%)	105 (42%)	< 0.001

Table 1. Baseline Characteristics According to Serum Uric Acid Levels

Uric acid

P value

< 357 µmol/L (< 6 mg/dL) (N = 5,510)

357 - 415 µmol/L (6 - 6.9 mg/dL) (N = 1,183)

416 - 475 µmol/L (7 - 7.9 mg/dL) (N = 540)

≥ 476 µmol/L (≥ 8 mg/dL) (N = 251)

Values are mean (standard deviation), or number of participants (percent).

Age, years

59.3 (11.8)

59.5 (11.5)

58.6 (12.0)

57.8 (12.0)

0.104

Male

1,826 (33%)

950 (80%)

488 (90%)

227 (90%)

< 0.001

Current smoking

924 (17%)

347 (29%)

178 (33%)

82 (33%)

< 0.001

Current alcohol intake

855 (17%)

441 (41%)

235 (49%)

111 (51%)

< 0.001

Body mass index, kg/m²

23.3 (3.5)

24.5 (3.4)

25.3 (3.6)

25.6 (3.8)

< 0.001

Obesity

1,592 (29%)

476 (40%)

272 (50%)

140 (56%)

< 0.001

Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg

128.2 (19.1)

132.2 (18.5)

132.6 (18.4)

132.6 (17.3)

< 0.001

Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg

74.0 (11.1)

76.7 (11.3)

78.1 (11.6)

78.7 (12.0)

< 0.001

Blood pressure lowering medication

1,519 (28%)

433 (37%)

201 (37%)

102 (41%)

< 0.001

Glycated hemoglobin, %

5.3 (0.8)

5.2 (0.6)

5.3 (0.8)

5.3 (0.7)

0.007

Glucose lowering therapy

322 (6%)

78 (7%)

44 (8%)

10 (4%)

0.069

Diabetes

586 (11%)

133 (11%)

73 (14%)

28 (11%)

0.222

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L

3.14 (0.82)

3.12 (0.85)

3.09 (0.83)

3.14 (0.98)

0.766

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L

1.65 (0.48)

1.50 (0.42)

1.49 (0.48)

1.40 (0.50)

< 0.001

Triglyceride, mmol/L

1.23 (0.79)

1.56 (1.06)

1.69 (1.18)

2.22 (1.66)

< 0.001

Lipid lowering medication

745 (14%)

150 (13%)

60 (11%)

22 (9%)

0.073

Dyslipidemia

2,115 (38%)

586 (50%)

287 (53%)

176 (70%)

< 0.001

Estimated glomerular filtration rate, mL/min/1.73 m²

76.5 (15.6)

72.4 (16.3)

68.1 (17)

65.5 (17.4)

< 0.001

Proteinuria

253 (5%)

85 (7%)

66 (12%)

43 (17%)

< 0.001

Chronic kidney disease

792 (14%)

266 (23%)

184 (34%)

105 (42%)

< 0.001

**Table 2.** Association of Serum Uric Acid and Prevalence of Hypertension
	Uric acid	P value for trend
^aAdjusted for age, sex, current smoking, current alcohol intake, obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, estimated glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria. OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.
No. of hypertensives/participants	2,356/5,510	650/1,183	311/540	150/251
Prevalence (%)	42.8%	55.0%	57.6%	59.8%
Crude OR (95% CI)	Reference	1.63 (1.44 - 1.85)	1.82 (1.52 – 2.17)	1.99 (1.54 - 2.57)	< 0.001
Adjusted OR^a (95% CI)	Reference	1.50 (1.28 - 1.77)	1.58 (1.25 - 1.99)	1.89 (1.36 - 2.64)	< 0.001

Table 2. Association of Serum Uric Acid and Prevalence of Hypertension

Uric acid

P value for trend

< 357 µmol/L (< 6 mg/dL)

357 - 415 µmol/L (6 - 6.9 mg/dL)

416 - 475 µmol/L (7 - 7.9 mg/dL)

≥ 476 µmol/L (≥ 8 mg/dL)

^aAdjusted for age, sex, current smoking, current alcohol intake, obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, estimated glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria. OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.

No. of hypertensives/participants

2,356/5,510

650/1,183

311/540

150/251

Prevalence (%)

42.8%

55.0%

57.6%

59.8%

Crude OR (95% CI)

Reference

1.63 (1.44 - 1.85)

1.82 (1.52 – 2.17)

1.99 (1.54 - 2.57)

< 0.001

Adjusted OR^a (95% CI)

Reference

1.50 (1.28 - 1.77)

1.58 (1.25 - 1.99)

1.89 (1.36 - 2.64)

< 0.001

**Table 3.** Association of Serum Uric Acid and Prevalence of Hypertension in Subgroups
Subgroup	Adjusted odds ratio per 1 SD^a increase in serum uric acid (95% CI)	P value for interaction
^a93 µmol/L (1.57 mg/dL). ^bAdjusted for age, current smoking, current alcohol intake, obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, estimated glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria. ^cAdjusted for age, sex, current smoking, obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, estimated glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria. ^dAdjusted for age, sex, current smoking, current alcohol intake, obesity, diabetes and dyslipidemia. SD: standard deviation; CI: confidence interval.
Gender
Male	1.26 (1.14 - 1.40)^b	0.235
Female	1.39 (1.23 - 1.58)^b
Current alcohol intake
No	1.39 (1.26 - 1.53)^c	0.125
Yes	1.19 (1.03 - 1.37)^c
Chronic kidney disease
Absent	1.32 (1.21 - 1.43)^d	0.847
Present	1.16 (1.01 - 1.33)^d

Table 3. Association of Serum Uric Acid and Prevalence of Hypertension in Subgroups

Subgroup

Adjusted odds ratio per 1 SD^a increase in serum uric acid (95% CI)

P value for interaction

^a93 µmol/L (1.57 mg/dL). ^bAdjusted for age, current smoking, current alcohol intake, obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, estimated glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria. ^cAdjusted for age, sex, current smoking, obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, estimated glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria. ^dAdjusted for age, sex, current smoking, current alcohol intake, obesity, diabetes and dyslipidemia. SD: standard deviation; CI: confidence interval.

Gender

Male

1.26 (1.14 - 1.40)^b

0.235

Female

1.39 (1.23 - 1.58)^b

Current alcohol intake

1.39 (1.26 - 1.53)^c

0.125

Yes

1.19 (1.03 - 1.37)^c

Chronic kidney disease

Absent

1.32 (1.21 - 1.43)^d

0.847

Present

1.16 (1.01 - 1.33)^d