J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 12, Number 3, March 2020, pages 165-171

Effects of Tofogliflozin on Cardiac Function in Elderly Patients With Diabetes Mellitus

**Table 1.** Characteristics of the Patients
Variables	Number of patients
DDP-4: dipeptidyl peptidase-4; BG: biguanides; SU: sulphonylureas; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB: calcium channel blocker.
Gender (N, male/female)	18/24
Age (years)	83.0 ± 7.6
NYHA I/II (III, IV: none)	33/9
Co-administered drug
DPP-4	33
BG	12
SU	10
Insulin	2
ARB	10
β-blocker	5
CCB	22
Diuretics	14

Table 1. Characteristics of the Patients

Variables

Number of patients

DDP-4: dipeptidyl peptidase-4; BG: biguanides; SU: sulphonylureas; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB: calcium channel blocker.

Gender (N, male/female)

18/24

Age (years)

83.0 ± 7.6

NYHA I/II (III, IV: none)

33/9

Co-administered drug

DPP-4

Insulin

ARB

β-blocker

CCB

Diuretics

**Table 2.** Characteristics of Laboratory Test Results
Variables	Baseline	1 month	P-value*
*Paired t-test. HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; BUN: blood urea nitrogen.
HbA1c (%)	7.3 ± 1.1	7.1 ± 0.9	0.06
Body weight (kg)	55.1 ± 12.2	52.7 ± 11.6	< 0.01
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	137.4 ± 27.0	124.1 ± 18.8	< 0.01
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	74.5 ± 13.5	69.3 ± 11.4	< 0.01
Hematocrit	37.9 ± 6.9	38.4 ± 5.9	0.3
BNP (pg/mL)	321.5 ± 805.7	191.0 ± 371.0	0.08
eGFR	63.1 ± 23.2	60.9 ± 30.5	0.4
BUN (mg/dL)	19.1 ± 8.6	18.5 ± 7.7	0.6
Na⁺ (mEq/L)	139.1 ± 4.0	139.2 ± 3.5	0.9
K⁺ (mEq/L)	4.2 ± 0.7	4.1 ± 0.6	0.4
Cl^- (mEq/L)	103.7 ± 4.1	103.8 ± 5.5	0.9
Blood osmotic pressure (mOsm/L)	293.0 ± 9.3	291.7 ± 7.5	0.3
Renin (ng/mL)	3.5 ± 5.2	7.0 ± 9.2	< 0.01
Aldosterone (pg/mL)	89.3 ± 48.6	104.4 ± 59.7	< 0.05

Table 2. Characteristics of Laboratory Test Results

Variables

Baseline

1 month

P-value*

*Paired t-test. HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; BUN: blood urea nitrogen.

HbA1c (%)

7.3 ± 1.1

7.1 ± 0.9

0.06

Body weight (kg)

55.1 ± 12.2

52.7 ± 11.6

< 0.01

Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

137.4 ± 27.0

124.1 ± 18.8

< 0.01

Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

74.5 ± 13.5

69.3 ± 11.4

< 0.01

Hematocrit

37.9 ± 6.9

38.4 ± 5.9

0.3

BNP (pg/mL)

321.5 ± 805.7

191.0 ± 371.0

0.08

eGFR

63.1 ± 23.2

60.9 ± 30.5

0.4

BUN (mg/dL)

19.1 ± 8.6

18.5 ± 7.7

0.6

Na⁺ (mEq/L)

139.1 ± 4.0

139.2 ± 3.5

0.9

K⁺ (mEq/L)

4.2 ± 0.7

4.1 ± 0.6

0.4

Cl^- (mEq/L)

103.7 ± 4.1

103.8 ± 5.5

0.9

Blood osmotic pressure (mOsm/L)

293.0 ± 9.3

291.7 ± 7.5

0.3

Renin (ng/mL)

3.5 ± 5.2

7.0 ± 9.2

< 0.01

Aldosterone (pg/mL)

89.3 ± 48.6

104.4 ± 59.7

< 0.05

**Table 3.** Characteristics of Cardiac Function
Variables	Baseline	1 month	P-value
*Paired t-test. EF: ejection fraction; E/A: early filling/atrial filling; E/e': change in inflow E and mitral e' annular velocities; LAD: left atrial dimension; IVC_max: maximal diameter of inferior vena cava.
EF	63.6 ± 10.9	62.9 ± 11.0	0.1
E/A	0.7 ± 0.3	0.6 ± 0.2	< 0.05
E/e'	12.6 ± 5.0	9.6 ± 3.2	< 0.01
LAD (mm)	39.7 ± 7.4	36.8 ± 7.3	< 0.01
IVC_max (mm)	13.7 ± 4.5	13.6 ± 4.2	0.6

Table 3. Characteristics of Cardiac Function

Variables

Baseline

1 month

P-value

*Paired t-test. EF: ejection fraction; E/A: early filling/atrial filling; E/e': change in inflow E and mitral e' annular velocities; LAD: left atrial dimension; IVC_max: maximal diameter of inferior vena cava.

63.6 ± 10.9

62.9 ± 11.0

0.1

E/A

0.7 ± 0.3

0.6 ± 0.2

< 0.05

E/e'

12.6 ± 5.0

9.6 ± 3.2

< 0.01

LAD (mm)

39.7 ± 7.4

36.8 ± 7.3

< 0.01

IVC_max (mm)

13.7 ± 4.5

13.6 ± 4.2

0.6

**Table 4.** Results of Two-Factor Mixed Effect Model to Evaluate Effects and Interaction of E/e'
SOV	df	Sum sq.	Mean sq.	F	Prob > F	Significance
Analysis of variance table for the mixed effects model. SOV: source of variance; Sum sq.: sum of squares; df: degree of freedom; Mean sq.: mean squares; F: F statistic; Prob: probability. P < 0.05; *P < 0.01.
Time	1	76.6	76.6	8.0	0.01	*
Subject	23	574.2	25.0	2.6	0.01	*
Gender	1	43.5	43.5	1.7	0.2
Time × gender	1	30.3	30.3	3.2	0.09
Error	23	221.2	9.6
Total	49	984.1	20.1
Time	1	81.2	81.2	7.7	0.01	*
Subject	23	539.9	23.5	2.2	0.03	*
Age (< 80 years)	1	77.9	77.9	3.3	0.08
Time × age	1	7.5	7.5	0.7	0.4
Error	23	243.9	10.6
Total	49	984.1	20.1

Table 4. Results of Two-Factor Mixed Effect Model to Evaluate Effects and Interaction of E/e'

SOV

Sum sq.

Mean sq.

Prob > F

Significance

Analysis of variance table for the mixed effects model. SOV: source of variance; Sum sq.: sum of squares; df: degree of freedom; Mean sq.: mean squares; F: F statistic; Prob: probability. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.

Time

76.6

8.0

0.01

Subject

574.2

25.0

2.6

0.01

Gender

43.5

1.7

0.2

Time × gender

30.3

3.2

0.09

Error

221.2

9.6

Total

984.1

20.1

Time

81.2

7.7

0.01

Subject

539.9

23.5

2.2

0.03

Age (< 80 years)

77.9

3.3

0.08

Time × age

7.5

0.7

0.4

Error

243.9

10.6

Total

984.1

20.1