J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 11, Number 12, December 2019, pages 807-817

Asthma Control and Its Predictive Factors in Adult Asthma Patients

Figure 1. Frequency of GINA-based asthma severity cases in the controlled and uncontrolled asthma groups. GINA: Global Initiative for Asthma.

Figure 2. The frequency of aero-allergen sensitivity in controlled and uncontrolled asthma groups.

Figure 3. Asthma treatment with inhaled corticosteroids, inhaled β₂-agonist and oral β₂-agonist in the controlled and uncontrolled asthma groups.

**Table 1.** Characteristics of the Study Population
Variable	Mean ± SD	Number (N = 93)	Percentage
GINA: Global Initiative for Asthma; SD: standard deviation.
Weight (kg)	73.25 ± 13.3
Height (cm)	163.3 ± 9.6
Body mass index (kg/m²)	27.6 ± 5.0
Age (years)	40.5 ± 13.6
Duration of asthma diagnosis (years)	7.3 ± 7.9
Gender
Male		34	36.6
Female		59	63.4
Atopy
Positive		54	58.1
Negative		39	41.9
Allergic to two or more allergens		33	35.5
Allergic to three or more allergens		13	14
Mean asthma control test score	16.6 ± 6.0
Asthma control test
Controlled		42	45.2
Partially controlled		17	18.3
Uncontrolled		34	36.6
GINA classification
Intermittent		28	30.1
Mild persistent		40	43.0
Moderate persistent		20	21.5
Severe persistent		5	5.4
Smoking history
Positive		26	28
Negative		67	72
Influenza vaccination history
Positive		28	30.1
Negative		65	69.9
Comorbidity
Allergic rhinitis		62	66.7
Allergic conjunctivitis		46	49.5
Food allergy		5	5.4
Eczema		24	25.8
Other chronic disease		26	28
Presence of chronic disease
Yes		26	28
No		67	72
Treatment
Inhaled corticosteroids		36	38.7
Oral β₂-agonist		19	20.4
Inhaled β₂-agonist		62	66.7
No treatment		21	22.6

Table 1. Characteristics of the Study Population

Variable

Mean ± SD

Number (N = 93)

Percentage

GINA: Global Initiative for Asthma; SD: standard deviation.

Weight (kg)

73.25 ± 13.3

Height (cm)

163.3 ± 9.6

Body mass index (kg/m²)

27.6 ± 5.0

Age (years)

40.5 ± 13.6

Duration of asthma diagnosis (years)

7.3 ± 7.9

Gender

Male

36.6

Female

63.4

Atopy

Positive

58.1

Negative

41.9

Allergic to two or more allergens

35.5

Allergic to three or more allergens

Mean asthma control test score

16.6 ± 6.0

Asthma control test

Controlled

45.2

Partially controlled

18.3

Uncontrolled

36.6

GINA classification

Intermittent

30.1

Mild persistent

43.0

Moderate persistent

21.5

Severe persistent

5.4

Smoking history

Positive

Negative

Influenza vaccination history

Positive

30.1

Negative

69.9

Comorbidity

Allergic rhinitis

66.7

Allergic conjunctivitis

49.5

Food allergy

5.4

Eczema

25.8

Other chronic disease

Presence of chronic disease

Yes

Treatment

Inhaled corticosteroids

38.7

Oral β₂-agonist

20.4

Inhaled β₂-agonist

66.7

No treatment

22.6

**Table 2.** Baseline Characteristics of the Overall Sample for Controlled, Partly Controlled and Uncontrolled Asthma
	Controlled asthma (n, %)	Partly controlled asthma (n, %)	Uncontrolled asthma (n, %)	P
Absolute number and percentage in brackets.
Total study group (n = 93)
Sex
Female	27 (29)	13 (14)	19 (20.4)
Male	15 (16.1)	4 (4.3)	15 (16.1)
Age group				0.00
< 55 years	42 (45.2)	14 (15.1)	21 (22.6)
≥ 55 years	0	3 (3.2)	13 (14)
Body mass index (kg/m²)
< 30	30 (32.3)	14 (15.1)	24 (25.8)
≥ 30	12 (12.9)	3 (3.2)	10 (10.8)
Duration of asthma diagnosis (years)	5.4	7.1	9.7	0.037
Atopy				0.00
Positive	12 (12.9)	13 (14)	29 (31.2)
Negative	30 (32.3)	4 (4.3)	5 (5.4)
Allergic to two or more allergens	4 (4.3)	9 (9.7)	20 (21.5)	0.00
Allergic to three or more allergens	2 (2.2)	2 (2.2)	9 (9.7)	0.024
Comorbidity				0.015
Allergic rhinitis	23 (24.7)	10 (10.8)	29 (31.2)
Allergic conjunctivitis	22 (23.7)	12 (12.9)	12 (12.9)
Food allergy	1 (1.1)	2 (2.2)	2 (2.2)
Eczema	9 (9.7)	7 (7.5)	8 (8.6)
Other chronic disease	10 (10.8)	3 (3.2)	13 (14)
History of smoking
Positive	12 (12.9)	4 (4.3)	10 (10.8)
Negative	30 (32.3)	13 (14)	24 (25.8)
Presence of chronic disease
Yes	10 (10.8)	3 (3.2)	13 (14)
No	32 (34.4)	14 (15.1)	21 (22.6)
History of flu-vaccine
Positive	14 (15.1)	5 (5.4)	9 (9.7)
Negative	28 (30.1)	12 (12.9)	25 (26.9)
Treatment				0.02
Yes	28 (30.1)	17 (18.3)	27 (29)
No	14 (15.1)	0	7 (7.5)

Table 2. Baseline Characteristics of the Overall Sample for Controlled, Partly Controlled and Uncontrolled Asthma

Controlled asthma (n, %)

Partly controlled asthma (n, %)

Uncontrolled asthma (n, %)

Absolute number and percentage in brackets.

Total study group (n = 93)

Sex

Female

27 (29)

13 (14)

19 (20.4)

Male

15 (16.1)

4 (4.3)

15 (16.1)

Age group

0.00

< 55 years

42 (45.2)

14 (15.1)

21 (22.6)

≥ 55 years

3 (3.2)

13 (14)

Body mass index (kg/m²)

< 30

30 (32.3)

14 (15.1)

24 (25.8)

≥ 30

12 (12.9)

3 (3.2)

10 (10.8)

Duration of asthma diagnosis (years)

5.4

7.1

9.7

0.037

Atopy

0.00

Positive

12 (12.9)

13 (14)

29 (31.2)

Negative

30 (32.3)

4 (4.3)

5 (5.4)

Allergic to two or more allergens

4 (4.3)

9 (9.7)

20 (21.5)

0.00

Allergic to three or more allergens

2 (2.2)

9 (9.7)

0.024

Comorbidity

0.015

Allergic rhinitis

23 (24.7)

10 (10.8)

29 (31.2)

Allergic conjunctivitis

22 (23.7)

12 (12.9)

Food allergy

1 (1.1)

2 (2.2)

Eczema

9 (9.7)

7 (7.5)

8 (8.6)

Other chronic disease

10 (10.8)

3 (3.2)

13 (14)

History of smoking

Positive

12 (12.9)

4 (4.3)

10 (10.8)

Negative

30 (32.3)

13 (14)

24 (25.8)

Presence of chronic disease

Yes

10 (10.8)

3 (3.2)

13 (14)

32 (34.4)

14 (15.1)

21 (22.6)

History of flu-vaccine

Positive

14 (15.1)

5 (5.4)

9 (9.7)

Negative

28 (30.1)

12 (12.9)

25 (26.9)

Treatment

0.02

Yes

28 (30.1)

17 (18.3)

27 (29)

14 (15.1)

7 (7.5)

**Table 3.** Frequency of GINA-Based Asthma Severity Cases in the Controlled and Uncontrolled Asthma Groups
GINA	Asthma control test	Chi-squared	P
Absolute number and percentage in brackets. GINA: Global Initiative for Asthma.
Intermittent	20 (21.5%)	8 (8.6%)	20.97	0.00
Mild persistent	19 (20.4%)	21 (22.6%)
Moderate persistent	1 (1.1%)	19 (20.4%)
Severe persistent	2 (2.2%)	3 (3.2%)

Table 3. Frequency of GINA-Based Asthma Severity Cases in the Controlled and Uncontrolled Asthma Groups

GINA

Asthma control test

Chi-squared

Controlled (n, %)

Uncontrolled (n, %)

Absolute number and percentage in brackets. GINA: Global Initiative for Asthma.

Intermittent

20 (21.5%)

8 (8.6%)

20.97

0.00

Mild persistent

19 (20.4%)

21 (22.6%)

Moderate persistent

1 (1.1%)

19 (20.4%)

Severe persistent

2 (2.2%)

3 (3.2%)

**Table 4.** Frequency of Positive Allergy Tests for Patients Taking and Not Taking Inhaled Corticosteroids
Allergy test	Inhaled corticosteroids	Chi-squared	P
Absolute number and percentage in brackets.
Negative	33 (61.1)	21 (38.9)	0.002	> 0.05
Positive	24 (61.5)	15 (38.5)

Table 4. Frequency of Positive Allergy Tests for Patients Taking and Not Taking Inhaled Corticosteroids

Allergy test

Inhaled corticosteroids

Chi-squared

No, N (%)

Yes, N (%)

Absolute number and percentage in brackets.

Negative

33 (61.1)

21 (38.9)

0.002

> 0.05

Positive

24 (61.5)

15 (38.5)

**Table 5.** Factors Associated With Uncontrolled Asthma Obtained via MLR Analysis
Variable	Adjusted OR	95% CI (OR)	χ² Stat. (df)	P
MLR: multiple logistic regression; GINA: Global Initiative for Asthma; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.
GINA	2.2	1.011 - 4.714	4.0	0.047
Allergy positive to two allergens or more	17.2	4.301 - 68.702	16.2	0.00

Table 5. Factors Associated With Uncontrolled Asthma Obtained via MLR Analysis

Variable

Adjusted OR

95% CI (OR)

χ² Stat. (df)

MLR: multiple logistic regression; GINA: Global Initiative for Asthma; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.

GINA

2.2

1.011 - 4.714

4.0

0.047

Allergy positive to two allergens or more

17.2

4.301 - 68.702

16.2

0.00