J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 11, Number 12, December 2019, pages 780-788

Association Between Lifestyle Characteristics and Body Mass Index of Mothers of Children With Allergic Diseases

**Table 1.** Participant Characteristics
Characteristics
Data are expressed as means ± standard deviation.
Overall
Number of mothers	69
Age of mothers (years)	39.9 ± 4.2
Height of mothers (cm)	159.9 ± 5.4
Body weight of mothers (kg)	53.1 ± 7.9
Body mass index of mothers (kg/m²)	20.8 ± 3.1
Number of families	4.2 ± 0.8
Age of children (years)	7.5 ± 3.2
Children’s characteristics
Bronchial asthma (presence/absence)	28/41
Atopic dermatitis (presence/absence)	39/30
Food allergy (presence/absence)	51/18
Substitute food use (use/not use)	23/46
Anaphylaxis (presence/absence)	29/40

Table 1. Participant Characteristics

Characteristics

Data are expressed as means ± standard deviation.

Overall

Number of mothers

Age of mothers (years)

39.9 ± 4.2

Height of mothers (cm)

159.9 ± 5.4

Body weight of mothers (kg)

53.1 ± 7.9

Body mass index of mothers (kg/m²)

20.8 ± 3.1

Number of families

4.2 ± 0.8

Age of children (years)

7.5 ± 3.2

Children’s characteristics

Bronchial asthma (presence/absence)

28/41

Atopic dermatitis (presence/absence)

39/30

Food allergy (presence/absence)

51/18

Substitute food use (use/not use)

23/46

Anaphylaxis (presence/absence)

29/40

**Table 2.** Nutritional Intake
	Overall	Other than FA mothers	FA mothers	P-value
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Mann-Whitney U test as appropriate. FA: food allergy.
Number of patients	69	18	51
Energy per body mass (kcal/kg)	32 ± 11	32 ± 13	32 ± 10	0.917
Protein intake (g/1,000 kcal)	39.0 ± 6.3	40.8 ± 8.0	38.4 ± 5.6	0.167
Fat intake (g/1,000 kcal)	32.8 ± 6.0	35.0 ± 7.7	32.1 ± 5.1	0.073
Carbohydrate intake (g/1,000 kcal)	127.6 ± 19.5	121.7 ± 22.3	130.0 ± 18.2	0.132
Potassium (mg/1,000 kcal)	1,439.6 ± 374.9	1,422.6 ± 359.2	1,445.6 ± 383.6	0.824
Calcium (mg/1,000 kcal)	301.9 ± 94.0	307.3 ± 112.1	300.0 ± 87.9	0.780
Magnesium (mg/1,000 kcal)	137.6 ± 30.8	136.9 ± 32.6	137.9 ± 30.5	0.905
Iron (mg/1,000 kcal)	4.3 ± 1.2	4.3 ± 1.3	4.3 ± 1.2	0.964
Vitamin A (µg/1,000 kcal)	465.8 ± 430.5	407.5 ± 186.3	486.4 ± 484.4	0.508
Vitamin D (µg/1,000 kcal)	7.0 ± 3.6	7.5 ± 4.9	6.9 ± 3.0	0.534
Vitamin K (µg/1,000 kcal)	182.9 ± 94.0	170 ± 86.4	187.4 ± 97.0	0.501
Vitamin B₁ (mg/1,000 kcal)	0.44 ± 0.10	0.42 ± 0.13	0.45 ± 0.08	0.278
Vitamin B₂ (mg/1,000 kcal)	0.69 ± 0.20	0.69 ± 0.23	0.69 ± 0.19	0.969
Folic acid (µg/1,000 kcal)	188.7 ± 77.8	177.5 ± 62.8	192.7 ± 82.7	0.482
Vitamin C (mg/1,000 kcal)	58.5 ± 25.5	54.6 ± 20.3	60 ± 27.1	0.456
Saturated fatty acid (mg/1,000 kcal)	9.0 ± 2.4	9.4 ± 2.8	8.8 ± 2.3	0.352
Monounsaturated fatty acid (mg/1,000 kcal)	11.8 ± 2.4	12.8 ± 3.3	11.5 ± 2.0	0.059
Polyunsaturated fatty acid (mg/1,000 kcal)	7.9 ± 1.5	8.5 ± 2.0	7.7 ± 1.3	0.078
Cholesterol (mg/1,000 kcal)	194.7 ± 65.6	219.2 ± 77.2	186 ± 59.5	0.065
Fiber (g/1,000 kcal)	6.7 ± 2.1	6.3 ± 2.0	6.9 ± 2.1	0.329
Salt equivalent (g/1,000 kcal)	5.7 ± 1.2	5.7 ± 1.1	5.7 ± 1.2	0.887
Alcohol (g/1,000 kcal)	3.6 ± 7.0	3.0 ± 4.5	3.8 ± 7.7	0.665
Cereals (g/1,000 kcal)	205.5 ± 65.3	196.3 ± 66.5	208.8 ± 65.2	0.488
Potatoes (g/1,000 kcal)	27.9 ± 17.8	27.1 ± 17.6	28.1 ± 18.0	0.825
Sugars (g/1,000 kcal)	3.1 ± 2.6	4.5 ± 3.8	2.7 ± 1.8	0.009
Pulses (g/1,000 kcal)	35.5 ± 23.4	35.1 ± 21.6	35.6 ± 24.2	0.942
Green and yellow vegetables (g/1,000 kcal)	71.0 ± 48.2	58.1 ± 40.3	75.5 ± 50.2	0.188
Other vegetables (g/1,000 kcal)	100.3 ± 50.7	102.5 ± 55.7	99.5 ± 49.4	0.830
Fruits (g/1,000 kcal)	37.3 ± 33.9	27.7 ± 23.9	40.7 ± 36.4	0.161
Fishes (g/1,000 kcal)	39.8 ± 20.0	42.2 ± 22.2	38.9 ± 19.4	0.548
Meat (g/1,000 kcal)	52.0 ± 23.2	58.6 ± 31.4	49.7 ± 19.4	0.164
Eggs (g/1,000 kcal)	16.6 ± 14.1	22.1 ± 16.5	14.7 ± 12.7	0.052
Milk (g/1,000 kcal)	85.4 ± 66.7	93.8 ± 72.3	82.5 ± 65.1	0.540
Oils (g/1,000 kcal)	7.4 ± 2.6	8.2 ± 3.6	7.1 ± 2.1	0.097
Sweets (g/1,000 kcal)	24.5 ± 22.0	19.8 ± 13.8	26.2 ± 24.1	0.294
Beverages (g/1,000 kcal)	314.0 ± 232.5	337.7 ± 287.0	305.7 ± 212.7	0.619
Seasoning spices (g/1,000 kcal)	115.0 ± 58.5	103.1 ± 54.0	119.2 ± 59.9	0.318

Table 2. Nutritional Intake

Overall

Other than FA mothers

FA mothers

P-value

Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Mann-Whitney U test as appropriate. FA: food allergy.

Number of patients

Energy per body mass (kcal/kg)

32 ± 11

32 ± 13

32 ± 10

0.917

Protein intake (g/1,000 kcal)

39.0 ± 6.3

40.8 ± 8.0

38.4 ± 5.6

0.167

Fat intake (g/1,000 kcal)

32.8 ± 6.0

35.0 ± 7.7

32.1 ± 5.1

0.073

Carbohydrate intake (g/1,000 kcal)

127.6 ± 19.5

121.7 ± 22.3

130.0 ± 18.2

0.132

Potassium (mg/1,000 kcal)

1,439.6 ± 374.9

1,422.6 ± 359.2

1,445.6 ± 383.6

0.824

Calcium (mg/1,000 kcal)

301.9 ± 94.0

307.3 ± 112.1

300.0 ± 87.9

0.780

Magnesium (mg/1,000 kcal)

137.6 ± 30.8

136.9 ± 32.6

137.9 ± 30.5

0.905

Iron (mg/1,000 kcal)

4.3 ± 1.2

4.3 ± 1.3

4.3 ± 1.2

0.964

Vitamin A (µg/1,000 kcal)

465.8 ± 430.5

407.5 ± 186.3

486.4 ± 484.4

0.508

Vitamin D (µg/1,000 kcal)

7.0 ± 3.6

7.5 ± 4.9

6.9 ± 3.0

0.534

Vitamin K (µg/1,000 kcal)

182.9 ± 94.0

170 ± 86.4

187.4 ± 97.0

0.501

Vitamin B₁ (mg/1,000 kcal)

0.44 ± 0.10

0.42 ± 0.13

0.45 ± 0.08

0.278

Vitamin B₂ (mg/1,000 kcal)

0.69 ± 0.20

0.69 ± 0.23

0.69 ± 0.19

0.969

Folic acid (µg/1,000 kcal)

188.7 ± 77.8

177.5 ± 62.8

192.7 ± 82.7

0.482

Vitamin C (mg/1,000 kcal)

58.5 ± 25.5

54.6 ± 20.3

60 ± 27.1

0.456

Saturated fatty acid (mg/1,000 kcal)

9.0 ± 2.4

9.4 ± 2.8

8.8 ± 2.3

0.352

Monounsaturated fatty acid (mg/1,000 kcal)

11.8 ± 2.4

12.8 ± 3.3

11.5 ± 2.0

0.059

Polyunsaturated fatty acid (mg/1,000 kcal)

7.9 ± 1.5

8.5 ± 2.0

7.7 ± 1.3

0.078

Cholesterol (mg/1,000 kcal)

194.7 ± 65.6

219.2 ± 77.2

186 ± 59.5

0.065

Fiber (g/1,000 kcal)

6.7 ± 2.1

6.3 ± 2.0

6.9 ± 2.1

0.329

Salt equivalent (g/1,000 kcal)

5.7 ± 1.2

5.7 ± 1.1

5.7 ± 1.2

0.887

Alcohol (g/1,000 kcal)

3.6 ± 7.0

3.0 ± 4.5

3.8 ± 7.7

0.665

Cereals (g/1,000 kcal)

205.5 ± 65.3

196.3 ± 66.5

208.8 ± 65.2

0.488

Potatoes (g/1,000 kcal)

27.9 ± 17.8

27.1 ± 17.6

28.1 ± 18.0

0.825

Sugars (g/1,000 kcal)

3.1 ± 2.6

4.5 ± 3.8

2.7 ± 1.8

0.009

Pulses (g/1,000 kcal)

35.5 ± 23.4

35.1 ± 21.6

35.6 ± 24.2

0.942

Green and yellow vegetables (g/1,000 kcal)

71.0 ± 48.2

58.1 ± 40.3

75.5 ± 50.2

0.188

Other vegetables (g/1,000 kcal)

100.3 ± 50.7

102.5 ± 55.7

99.5 ± 49.4

0.830

Fruits (g/1,000 kcal)

37.3 ± 33.9

27.7 ± 23.9

40.7 ± 36.4

0.161

Fishes (g/1,000 kcal)

39.8 ± 20.0

42.2 ± 22.2

38.9 ± 19.4

0.548

Meat (g/1,000 kcal)

52.0 ± 23.2

58.6 ± 31.4

49.7 ± 19.4

0.164

Eggs (g/1,000 kcal)

16.6 ± 14.1

22.1 ± 16.5

14.7 ± 12.7

0.052

Milk (g/1,000 kcal)

85.4 ± 66.7

93.8 ± 72.3

82.5 ± 65.1

0.540

Oils (g/1,000 kcal)

7.4 ± 2.6

8.2 ± 3.6

7.1 ± 2.1

0.097

Sweets (g/1,000 kcal)

24.5 ± 22.0

19.8 ± 13.8

26.2 ± 24.1

0.294

Beverages (g/1,000 kcal)

314.0 ± 232.5

337.7 ± 287.0

305.7 ± 212.7

0.619

Seasoning spices (g/1,000 kcal)

115.0 ± 58.5

103.1 ± 54.0

119.2 ± 59.9

0.318

**Table 3.** Factor Loading of Each Food Group by Factor Analysis
Food groups	First factor	Second factor	Third factor	Fourth factor	Fifth factor	Sixth factor
*: \|load\| > 0.30 (in module).
Cereals	0.072	-0.313*	0.584*	0.119	-0.082	-0.156
Potatoes	-0.248	-0.184	-0.198	0.418*	-0.059	-0.341*
Sugars	-0.003	0.324*	0.124	-0.373*	-0.168	-0.278
Legumes	-0.394*	-0.047	-0.006	0.114	-0.201	0.372*
Green and yellow vegetables	-0.501*	0.054	-0.106	-0.136	-0.061	-0.081
Other vegetables	-0.441*	0.071	0.009	-0.142	-0.145	-0.308*
Fruits	-0.275	-0.265	-0.255	-0.151	0.288	-0.260
Fishes	-0.355*	0.249	-0.072	0.011	0.237	0.315*
Meat	0.112	0.475*	-0.118	0.221	0.280	0.097
Eggs	-0.079	0.171	0.037	0.193	-0.624*	0.274
Milk	0.188	-0.063	-0.229	-0.519*	-0.258	-0.100
Oils	0.092	0.380*	-0.034	0.380*	0.053	-0.476*
Sweets	0.200	-0.138	-0.512*	-0.053	0.105	0.173
Beverages	-0.051	0.429*	0.199	-0.284	0.102	-0.002
Seasoning spices	-0.162	-0.119	0.391*	0.123	0.445*	0.157
SS loadings	3.029	2.185	1.878	1.536	1.218	1.027
Proportion value (%)	20.2	14.6	12.5	10.2	8.1	6.8
Cumulative value (%)	20.2	34.8	47.3	57.5	65.6	72.4

Table 3. Factor Loading of Each Food Group by Factor Analysis

Food groups

First factor

Second factor

Third factor

Fourth factor

Fifth factor

Sixth factor

*: |load| > 0.30 (in module).

Cereals

0.072

-0.313*

0.584*

0.119

-0.082

-0.156

Potatoes

-0.248

-0.184

-0.198

0.418*

-0.059

-0.341*

Sugars

-0.003

0.324*

0.124

-0.373*

-0.168

-0.278

Legumes

-0.394*

-0.047

-0.006

0.114

-0.201

0.372*

Green and yellow vegetables

-0.501*

0.054

-0.106

-0.136

-0.061

-0.081

Other vegetables

-0.441*

0.071

0.009

-0.142

-0.145

-0.308*

Fruits

-0.275

-0.265

-0.255

-0.151

0.288

-0.260

Fishes

-0.355*

0.249

-0.072

0.011

0.237

0.315*

Meat

0.112

0.475*

-0.118

0.221

0.280

0.097

Eggs

-0.079

0.171

0.037

0.193

-0.624*

0.274

Milk

0.188

-0.063

-0.229

-0.519*

-0.258

-0.100

Oils

0.092

0.380*

-0.034

0.380*

0.053

-0.476*

Sweets

0.200

-0.138

-0.512*

-0.053

0.105

0.173

Beverages

-0.051

0.429*

0.199

-0.284

0.102

-0.002

Seasoning spices

-0.162

-0.119

0.391*

0.123

0.445*

0.157

SS loadings

3.029

2.185

1.878

1.536

1.218

1.027

Proportion value (%)

20.2

14.6

12.5

10.2

8.1

6.8

Cumulative value (%)

20.2

34.8

47.3

57.5

65.6

72.4

**Table 4.** Results of the Physical Activity Level Survey
	Overall (n = 69)
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. ^aPhysical activity level = total energy spent per day (kcal/day)/basic metabolic rate (kcal/day). ^bCalories burned by walking = total calories burned by walking (kcal/day)/total energy spent per day (kcal/day) × 100. ^cCalories burned by activities of daily living = total calories burned by activities of daily living (kcal/day)/total energy spent per day (kcal/day) × 100. METs: metabolic equivalents.
Basic metabolic rate (kcal/day)	1,139 ± 104
Basic metabolic rate/body weight (kcal/kg)	21.6 ± 1.4
Total energy spent per day (kcal/day)	2,003 ± 176
Total energy spent per day/body weight (kcal/kg)	38.1 ± 3.7
Physical activity level^a	1.76 ± 0.11
No. of steps (steps/day)	7,208 ± 2,067
Calories burned by walking^b (%)	9.3 ± 2.8
Calories burned by activities of daily living^c (%)	23.7 ± 4.1
Duration of high-intensity (≥ 6 METs) physical activity (min/day)	3.3 ± 2.8
Duration of moderate-intensity (3.0 - 5.9 METs) physical activity (min/day)	99 ± 24.2
Duration of low-intensity (1.5 - 2.9 METs) physical activity (min/day)	355.8 ± 73.3

Table 4. Results of the Physical Activity Level Survey

Overall (n = 69)

Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. ^aPhysical activity level = total energy spent per day (kcal/day)/basic metabolic rate (kcal/day). ^bCalories burned by walking = total calories burned by walking (kcal/day)/total energy spent per day (kcal/day) × 100. ^cCalories burned by activities of daily living = total calories burned by activities of daily living (kcal/day)/total energy spent per day (kcal/day) × 100. METs: metabolic equivalents.

Basic metabolic rate (kcal/day)

1,139 ± 104

Basic metabolic rate/body weight (kcal/kg)

21.6 ± 1.4

Total energy spent per day (kcal/day)

2,003 ± 176

Total energy spent per day/body weight (kcal/kg)

38.1 ± 3.7

Physical activity level^a

1.76 ± 0.11

No. of steps (steps/day)

7,208 ± 2,067

Calories burned by walking^b (%)

9.3 ± 2.8

Calories burned by activities of daily living^c (%)

23.7 ± 4.1

Duration of high-intensity (≥ 6 METs) physical activity (min/day)

3.3 ± 2.8

Duration of moderate-intensity (3.0 - 5.9 METs) physical activity (min/day)

99 ± 24.2

Duration of low-intensity (1.5 - 2.9 METs) physical activity (min/day)

355.8 ± 73.3

**Table 5.** Physical Expenditure Kcal Patterns
	First factor	Second factor	Third factor	Fourth factor	Fifth factor
*^: \|load\| > 0.30 (in module).
Calories for activities of daily life (kcal)
6:00 - 7:00	-0.049	-0.125	-0.450*	0.211	-0.304*
7:00 - 8:00	-0.164	-0.033	-0.499*	0.121	-0.230
8:00 - 9:00	-0.248	-0.102	-0.319*	0.071	0.233
9:00 - 10:00	-0.271	-0.145	-0.217	-0.105	0.393*
10:00 - 11:00	-0.274	-0.150	-0.262	-0.194	0.098
11:00 - 12:00	-0.288	-0.139	-0.108	-0.373*	-0.043
12:00 - 13:00	-0.292	-0.058	0.049	-0.343*	-0.047
13:00 - 14:00	-0.264	-0.139	0.220	-0.186	-0.370*
14:00 - 15:00	-0.242	-0.186	-0.297	-0.111	-0.342*
15:00 - 16:00	-0.244	-0.236	0.301*	0.137	-0.037
16:00 - 17:00	-0.280	-0.119	0.228	0.137	0.232
17:00 - 18:00	-0.282	0.040	0.171	0.248	0.367*
18:00 - 19:00	-0.267	0.163	0.076	0.420*	0.146
19:00 - 20:00	-0.266	0.216	0.012	0.304*	-0.250
20:00 - 21:00	-0.247	0.330*	0.003	0.123	-0.262
21:00 - 22:00	-0.168	0.457*	-0.042	0.016	-0.094
22:00 - 23:00	-0.102	0.474*	-0.018	-0.242	0.055
23:00 - 24:00	-0.069	0.406*	0.000	-0.377*	0.158
SS loadings	2.602	1.717	1.521	1.206	1.012
Proportion value (%)	37.6	16.4	12.8	8.1	5.7
Cumulative value (%)	37.6	54.0	66.8	74.9	80.6

Table 5. Physical Expenditure Kcal Patterns

First factor

Second factor

Third factor

Fourth factor

Fifth factor

*^: |load| > 0.30 (in module).

Calories for activities of daily life (kcal)

6:00 - 7:00

-0.049

-0.125

-0.450*

0.211

-0.304*

7:00 - 8:00

-0.164

-0.033

-0.499*

0.121

-0.230

8:00 - 9:00

-0.248

-0.102

-0.319*

0.071

0.233

9:00 - 10:00

-0.271

-0.145

-0.217

-0.105

0.393*

10:00 - 11:00

-0.274

-0.150

-0.262

-0.194

0.098

11:00 - 12:00

-0.288

-0.139

-0.108

-0.373*

-0.043

12:00 - 13:00

-0.292

-0.058

0.049

-0.343*

-0.047

13:00 - 14:00

-0.264

-0.139

0.220

-0.186

-0.370*

14:00 - 15:00

-0.242

-0.186

-0.297

-0.111

-0.342*

15:00 - 16:00

-0.244

-0.236

0.301*

0.137

-0.037

16:00 - 17:00

-0.280

-0.119

0.228

0.137

0.232

17:00 - 18:00

-0.282

0.040

0.171

0.248

0.367*

18:00 - 19:00

-0.267

0.163

0.076

0.420*

0.146

19:00 - 20:00

-0.266

0.216

0.012

0.304*

-0.250

20:00 - 21:00

-0.247

0.330*

0.003

0.123

-0.262

21:00 - 22:00

-0.168

0.457*

-0.042

0.016

-0.094

22:00 - 23:00

-0.102

0.474*

-0.018

-0.242

0.055

23:00 - 24:00

-0.069

0.406*

0.000

-0.377*

0.158

SS loadings

2.602

1.717

1.521

1.206

1.012

Proportion value (%)

37.6

16.4

12.8

8.1

5.7

Cumulative value (%)

37.6

54.0

66.8

74.9

80.6

**Table 6.** Multiple Regression Models of BMI
	Regression coefficient	Standard error	t value	P-value
P < 0.05, *P < 0.01. Stepwise multiple regression analysis. Model 1: BMI was used as an objective variable, and the mother’s and child’s ages and six principal components from dietary patterns with characteristic values ≥ 1 were used as explanatory variables. Model 2: BMI was used as an objective variable, and the explanatory variables were the mother’s and child’s ages, presence or absence of FA, BA, or AD, % calories burned while walking, % calories burned while performing ADLs and total daily duration of low- and moderate-intensity activities. BMI: body mass index; FA: food allergy; BA: bronchial asthma; AD: atopic dermatitis; ADL: activities of daily living.
Model 1 (n = 69)
Third factor	1.568	0.267	2.132	0.037*
Model 2 (n = 69)
Presence or absence of allergies	-2.364	0.786	-3.007	0.004**
Total daily duration of low- and moderate-intensity physical activities (min)	-0.075	0.034	-2.220	0.031*

Table 6. Multiple Regression Models of BMI

Regression coefficient

Standard error

t value

P-value

*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. Stepwise multiple regression analysis. Model 1: BMI was used as an objective variable, and the mother’s and child’s ages and six principal components from dietary patterns with characteristic values ≥ 1 were used as explanatory variables. Model 2: BMI was used as an objective variable, and the explanatory variables were the mother’s and child’s ages, presence or absence of FA, BA, or AD, % calories burned while walking, % calories burned while performing ADLs and total daily duration of low- and moderate-intensity activities. BMI: body mass index; FA: food allergy; BA: bronchial asthma; AD: atopic dermatitis; ADL: activities of daily living.

Model 1 (n = 69)

Third factor

1.568

0.267

2.132

0.037*

Model 2 (n = 69)

Presence or absence of allergies

-2.364

0.786

-3.007

0.004**

Total daily duration of low- and moderate-intensity physical activities (min)

-0.075

0.034

-2.220

0.031*

**Table 7.** Association Between Dietary Patterns (Third Principal Component Factor) and Food Allergies/Profile
	Regression coefficient	Standard error	t value	P-value
*P < 0.05, n = 51. The objective variable was the third principal component in dietary patterns, and the explanatory variables were the mother’s age and BMI, the three major causes of food allergy in the child, use of substitute foods, and presence or absence of An experience. BMI: body mass index.
Age of mothers	-0.045	0.052	-0.856	0.397
BMI of mothers	0.145	0.069	2.094	0.042*
Children’s status total number of food causes: egg, milk, flour	0.166	0.284	0.584	0.562
Substitute food use	-0.173	0.432	-0.400	0.691
Presence or absence of anaphylaxis	-0.837	0.402	-2.083	0.043*

Table 7. Association Between Dietary Patterns (Third Principal Component Factor) and Food Allergies/Profile

Regression coefficient

Standard error

t value

P-value

*P < 0.05, n = 51. The objective variable was the third principal component in dietary patterns, and the explanatory variables were the mother’s age and BMI, the three major causes of food allergy in the child, use of substitute foods, and presence or absence of An experience. BMI: body mass index.

Age of mothers

-0.045

0.052

-0.856

0.397

BMI of mothers

0.145

0.069

2.094

0.042*

Children’s status total number of food causes: egg, milk, flour

0.166

0.284

0.584

0.562

Substitute food use

-0.173

0.432

-0.400

0.691

Presence or absence of anaphylaxis

-0.837

0.402

-2.083

0.043*

**Table 8.** Association Between Allergic Diseases and Physical Expenditure Kcal Patterns
	Regression coefficient	Standard error	t value	P-value
P < 0.05, *P < 0.01. Stepwise multiple regression analysis. The objective variable was the presence or absence of FA, BA, or AD, and the explanatory variables were the mother’s and child’s ages and the five principal components of physical expenditure kcal patterns with characteristic values ≥ 1. FA: food allergies; BA: bronchial asthma; AD: atopic dermatitis.
FA
First factor	0.053	0.019	2.742	0.008**
Age of children	-0.043	0.016	-2.710	0.009**
BA
Third factor	-0.082	0.038	-2.161	0.034*
AD
First factor	0.054	0.022	2.430	0.018*

Table 8. Association Between Allergic Diseases and Physical Expenditure Kcal Patterns

Regression coefficient

Standard error

t value

P-value

*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. Stepwise multiple regression analysis. The objective variable was the presence or absence of FA, BA, or AD, and the explanatory variables were the mother’s and child’s ages and the five principal components of physical expenditure kcal patterns with characteristic values ≥ 1. FA: food allergies; BA: bronchial asthma; AD: atopic dermatitis.

First factor

0.053

0.019

2.742

0.008**

Age of children

-0.043

0.016

-2.710

0.009**

Third factor

-0.082

0.038

-2.161

0.034*

First factor

0.054

0.022

2.430

0.018*