J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 11, Number 10, October 2019, pages 703-710

Assessment of the Correlation Between Mother and Child Body Mass Index and Mother and Child Diet in Children With Food Allergies

**Table 1.** Demographics
	Non-food allergy group	Food allergy group	P value
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Welch t-test. ^aFisher’s exact for proportion. P < 0.05, **P < 0.001. BMI: body mass index.
N (pairs)	37	41
Age of children (years)	6.9 ± 2.7	6.5 ± 2.5	0.107
Sex of children (male/female)	21/16	24/17	0.874
BMI of children (kg/m²)	16.0 ± 1.9	15.5 ± 1.2	0.207
Age of mothers (years)	36.5 ± 4.6	37.1 ± 5.4	0.599
BMI of mothers (kg/m²)	21.4 ± 3.3	20.1 ± 2.3	0.038*
BMI < 18.5/18.5 or > 18.5/18.5^a (n)	4/33	12/29	0.044*
Alcohol consumption
Consumers/non-consumers	14/13	41/0	< 0.001***
g/1,000 kcal	6.2 ± 11.4	6.6 ± 4.0	0.819
Total number of food causes: egg, milk, flour (piece)	-	37/4
Total number of causes of food: other than eggs, milk, flour (piece)	-	26/15
Substitute food use (use/not use)	-	23/18

Table 1. Demographics

Non-food allergy group

Food allergy group

P value

Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Welch t-test. ^aFisher’s exact for proportion. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001. BMI: body mass index.

N (pairs)

Age of children (years)

6.9 ± 2.7

6.5 ± 2.5

0.107

Sex of children (male/female)

21/16

24/17

0.874

BMI of children (kg/m²)

16.0 ± 1.9

15.5 ± 1.2

0.207

Age of mothers (years)

36.5 ± 4.6

37.1 ± 5.4

0.599

BMI of mothers (kg/m²)

21.4 ± 3.3

20.1 ± 2.3

0.038*

BMI < 18.5/18.5 or > 18.5/18.5^a (n)

4/33

12/29

0.044*

Alcohol consumption

Consumers/non-consumers

14/13

41/0

< 0.001***

g/1,000 kcal

6.2 ± 11.4

6.6 ± 4.0

0.819

Total number of food causes: egg, milk, flour (piece)

37/4

Total number of causes of food: other than eggs, milk, flour (piece)

26/15

Substitute food use (use/not use)

23/18

**Table 2.** Adequacy of Nutritional Intake
	Non-food allergy group (n = 37)	Food allergy group (n = 41)	P value^a	P value^b
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Welch t-test as appropriate. ^aP value: non-food allergy group children vs. food allergy group children. ^bP value: non-food allergy group mothers vs. food allergy group mothers. P < 0.05, P < 0.01, **P < 0.001.
Energy (%)	119.0 ± 27.8	78.4 ± 22.0	122.3 ± 25.9	85.6 ± 33.0	0.590	0.267
Protein (%)	191.6 ± 56	87.6 ± 12.8^b	197.1 ± 48.9	131.8 ± 64.1^b	0.641	< 0.001***
Potassium (%)	179.0 ± 61.4	83.8 ± 28.9	177.2 ± 47.4	92.9 ± 44.9	0.886	0.296
Calcium (%)	103.3 ± 30.8	70.1 ± 28.1	92.0 ± 46.9	79.1 ± 49.4	0.219	0.333
Magnesium (%)	169.8 ± 62.6	73.4 ± 21.2	166.9 ± 51.4	80.8 ± 39.4	0.826	0.312
Iron (%)	889 ± 29.7	61.0 ± 21.2	94.7 ± 35.1	66.9 ± 30.3	0.441	0.330
Vitamin A (%)	111.8 ± 38.2	95.7 ± 49.9	110.0 ± 45.7	95.6 ± 51.6	0.852	0.992
Vitamin D (%)	202.8 ± 87.8	157.5 ± 87.3^b	211.2 ± 103.2	233.1 ± 173.2^b	0.702	0.019*
Vitamin K (%)	489.9 ± 230.1	179.7 ± 102.4	472.2 ± 209.3	197.5 ± 120.8	0.724	0.487
Vitamin B₁ (%)	94.7 ± 29.5^a	59.5 ± 20.0	112.7 ± 45.1^a	67.9 ± 33.0	0.043*	0.183
Vitamin B₂ (%)	119.0 ± 35.5	92.4 ± 31.9	106.5 ± 40.0	96.7 ± 43.4	0.151	0.622
Folic acid (%)	172.5 ± 66.8	128.6 ± 55.5	169.6 ± 62.6	126.6 ± 64.0	0.847	0.884
Vitamin C (%)	136.4 ± 64.3^a	96.0 ± 51.0	166.2 ± 66.6^a	96.5 ± 53.7	0.048*	0.963
Salt equivalent (%)	109.3 ± 33.3	126 ± 32.9^b	119.6 ± 34.1	227.5 ± 129.8^b	0.180	< 0.001***
Cereals (%)	88.5 ± 28.1	118.0 ± 45.3	96.8 ± 31.0	138.0 ± 51.3	0.221	0.073
Potatoes (%)	61.4 ± 50.5^a	36.5 ± 24.1	114.5 ± 119.2^a	46.5 ± 31.3	0.014*	0.121
Sugars (%)	103.2 ± 70.5^a	66.0 ± 58.6	148.4 ± 91.5^a	67.3 ± 53.1	0.018*	0.917
Pulses (%)	104.7 ± 54.6	64.3 ± 33.7	115.7 ± 99.2	73.1 ± 60.3	0.553	0.437
Green and yellow vegetables (%)	65.8 ± 33.3	70.8 ± 50.7	59.7 ± 33.3	75.6 ± 45.2	0.419	0.644
Other vegetables (%)	99.3 ± 60.7	79.3 ± 49.7	114.7 ± 55.8	77.2 ± 70.9	0.247	0.878
Fruits (%)	35.1 ± 34.9^a	28.8 ± 26.0	57.4 ± 41.5^a	40.7 ± 28.6	0.013*	0.059
Fishes (%)	90.1 ± 52.4	101.7 ± 54.9^b	91.5 ± 59.8	146.4 ± 109.7^b	0.917	0.028*
Meat (%)	141.4 ± 82.4^a	141.8 ± 67.3	214.4 ± 106.2^a	159.4 ± 93.6	0.001**	0.347
Eggs (%)	73.5 ± 41.4^a	59.2 ± 37.7	20.4 ± 38.7^a	44.15 ± 35.4	< 0.001***	0.074
Milk (%)	124.8 ± 61.2	53.0 ± 39.6	94.4 ± 138.1	58.6 ± 53.0	0.222	0.598
Oils (%)	174.4 ± 78.4	54.5 ± 21.3	146.8 ± 89.1	62.3 ± 30.4	0.151	0.197
Sweets (%)	305.2 ± 196.3	89.0 ± 74.0^b	301.4 ± 189.1	125.0 ± 78.8^b	0.931	0.041*
Beverages (%)	103.2 ± 170.5	128.2 ± 80.1^b	61.7 ± 64.4	91.2 ± 69.5^b	0.151	0.032*
Seasoning spices (%)	27.2 ± 10.7	237.5 ± 140.5	32.7 ± 16.1	265.5 ± 140.1	0.083	0.381

Table 2. Adequacy of Nutritional Intake

Non-food allergy group (n = 37)

Food allergy group (n = 41)

P value^a

P value^b

Children

Mothers

Children

Mothers

Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Welch t-test as appropriate. ^aP value: non-food allergy group children vs. food allergy group children. ^bP value: non-food allergy group mothers vs. food allergy group mothers. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.

Energy (%)

119.0 ± 27.8

78.4 ± 22.0

122.3 ± 25.9

85.6 ± 33.0

0.590

0.267

Protein (%)

191.6 ± 56

87.6 ± 12.8^b

197.1 ± 48.9

131.8 ± 64.1^b

0.641

< 0.001***

Potassium (%)

179.0 ± 61.4

83.8 ± 28.9

177.2 ± 47.4

92.9 ± 44.9

0.886

0.296

Calcium (%)

103.3 ± 30.8

70.1 ± 28.1

92.0 ± 46.9

79.1 ± 49.4

0.219

0.333

Magnesium (%)

169.8 ± 62.6

73.4 ± 21.2

166.9 ± 51.4

80.8 ± 39.4

0.826

0.312

Iron (%)

889 ± 29.7

61.0 ± 21.2

94.7 ± 35.1

66.9 ± 30.3

0.441

0.330

Vitamin A (%)

111.8 ± 38.2

95.7 ± 49.9

110.0 ± 45.7

95.6 ± 51.6

0.852

0.992

Vitamin D (%)

202.8 ± 87.8

157.5 ± 87.3^b

211.2 ± 103.2

233.1 ± 173.2^b

0.702

0.019*

Vitamin K (%)

489.9 ± 230.1

179.7 ± 102.4

472.2 ± 209.3

197.5 ± 120.8

0.724

0.487

Vitamin B₁ (%)

94.7 ± 29.5^a

59.5 ± 20.0

112.7 ± 45.1^a

67.9 ± 33.0

0.043*

0.183

Vitamin B₂ (%)

119.0 ± 35.5

92.4 ± 31.9

106.5 ± 40.0

96.7 ± 43.4

0.151

0.622

Folic acid (%)

172.5 ± 66.8

128.6 ± 55.5

169.6 ± 62.6

126.6 ± 64.0

0.847

0.884

Vitamin C (%)

136.4 ± 64.3^a

96.0 ± 51.0

166.2 ± 66.6^a

96.5 ± 53.7

0.048*

0.963

Salt equivalent (%)

109.3 ± 33.3

126 ± 32.9^b

119.6 ± 34.1

227.5 ± 129.8^b

0.180

< 0.001***

Cereals (%)

88.5 ± 28.1

118.0 ± 45.3

96.8 ± 31.0

138.0 ± 51.3

0.221

0.073

Potatoes (%)

61.4 ± 50.5^a

36.5 ± 24.1

114.5 ± 119.2^a

46.5 ± 31.3

0.014*

0.121

Sugars (%)

103.2 ± 70.5^a

66.0 ± 58.6

148.4 ± 91.5^a

67.3 ± 53.1

0.018*

0.917

Pulses (%)

104.7 ± 54.6

64.3 ± 33.7

115.7 ± 99.2

73.1 ± 60.3

0.553

0.437

Green and yellow vegetables (%)

65.8 ± 33.3

70.8 ± 50.7

59.7 ± 33.3

75.6 ± 45.2

0.419

0.644

Other vegetables (%)

99.3 ± 60.7

79.3 ± 49.7

114.7 ± 55.8

77.2 ± 70.9

0.247

0.878

Fruits (%)

35.1 ± 34.9^a

28.8 ± 26.0

57.4 ± 41.5^a

40.7 ± 28.6

0.013*

0.059

Fishes (%)

90.1 ± 52.4

101.7 ± 54.9^b

91.5 ± 59.8

146.4 ± 109.7^b

0.917

0.028*

Meat (%)

141.4 ± 82.4^a

141.8 ± 67.3

214.4 ± 106.2^a

159.4 ± 93.6

0.001**

0.347

Eggs (%)

73.5 ± 41.4^a

59.2 ± 37.7

20.4 ± 38.7^a

44.15 ± 35.4

< 0.001***

0.074

Milk (%)

124.8 ± 61.2

53.0 ± 39.6

94.4 ± 138.1

58.6 ± 53.0

0.222

0.598

Oils (%)

174.4 ± 78.4

54.5 ± 21.3

146.8 ± 89.1

62.3 ± 30.4

0.151

0.197

Sweets (%)

305.2 ± 196.3

89.0 ± 74.0^b

301.4 ± 189.1

125.0 ± 78.8^b

0.931

0.041*

Beverages (%)

103.2 ± 170.5

128.2 ± 80.1^b

61.7 ± 64.4

91.2 ± 69.5^b

0.151

0.032*

Seasoning spices (%)

27.2 ± 10.7

237.5 ± 140.5

32.7 ± 16.1

265.5 ± 140.1

0.083

0.381

**Table 3.** Correlation of Meal Content Between Mother and Child
	Non-food allergy group (n = 37)	Food allergy group (n = 41)	P value
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. *P < 0.05. In the analysis method, after calculating the correlation coefficient for each mother-child pair, the mean correlation coefficients for the food allergy and non-food allergy groups were calculated and compared between the two groups.
ρ	0.29 ± 0.18	0.39 ± 0.21	0.019*

Table 3. Correlation of Meal Content Between Mother and Child

Non-food allergy group (n = 37)

Food allergy group (n = 41)

P value

Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. *P < 0.05. In the analysis method, after calculating the correlation coefficient for each mother-child pair, the mean correlation coefficients for the food allergy and non-food allergy groups were calculated and compared between the two groups.

0.29 ± 0.18

0.39 ± 0.21

0.019*

**Table 4.** Principal Component Factor
Food groups	Non-food allergy group	Food allergy group
*\|load\| > 0.30 (in module).
Children
C-cereals	-0.131	-0.195	0.178	-0.172	-0.189	-0.130	0.283	0.160
C-potatoes	-0.220	0.212	-0.190	-0.204	-0.079	-0.331*	-0.024	0.077
C-sugars	-0.184	-0.063	0.140	-0.166	0.025	-0.132	0.137	-0.287
C-pulses	-0.236	0.173	0.025	-0.128	-0.031	-0.180	-0.053	-0.050
C-green and yellow vegetables	-0.248	-0.024	0.172	0.119	-0.050	-0.251	0.331*	-0.116
C-other vegetables	-0.183	-0.016	-0.002	-0.141	-0.129	-0.352*	0.246	0.123
C-fruits	-0.084	-0.077	-0.068	-0.137	-0.132	-0.120	0.066	0.050
C-fishes	-0.139	-0.302*	0.151	-0.063	-0.094	0.064	0.391*	-0.278
C-meat	-0.199	-0.232	-0.077	-0.073	-0.025	-0.326*	0.043	-0.111
C-eggs	-0.160	0.166	-0.205	-0.112	-0.094	0.188	0.311*	0.231
C-milk	0.005	0.355*	-0.077	0.172	0.102	0.112	-0.002	0.320*
C-oils	-0.224	-0.038	-0.224	0.096	-0.023	-0.278	-0.006	0.376*
C-sweets	-0.012	0.003	-0.361*	0.362*	-0.041	-0.317*	-0.223	-0.103
C-beverages	0.064	0.008	-0.194	0.462*	-0.110	-0.248	-0.144	0.245
C-seasoning spices	-0.237	0.243	-0.168	-0.067	-0.038	-0.312*	-0.019	-0.100
Mothers
M-cereals	-0.132	0.192	0.147	0.143	0.275	0.101	0.185	0.028
M-potatoes	-0.212	0.191	-0.058	-0.124	0.101	0.006	-0.365	-0.103
M-sugars	-0.040	-0.147	-0.297	-0.229	0.135	-0.098	0.093	-0.064
M-pulses	-0.139	0.142	0.081	-0.045	0.314*	0.008	-0.055	0.039
M-green and yellow vegetables	-0.243	-0.058	0.143	0.259	0.250	-0.135	0.109	-0.038
M-other vegetables	-0.236	-0.092	0.180	0.368*	0.315*	-0.149	0.076	-0.079
M-fruits	-0.249	0.273	0.144	0.101	0.219	-0.155	-0.142	0.144
M-fishes	-0.212	-0.269	0.139	0.002	0.233	0.011	0.223	-0.105
M-meat	-0.212	-0.355*	-0.105	0.171	0.315*	-0.080	0.161	-0.055
M-eggs	-0.191	-0.054	-0.307*	-0.215	0.099	0.092	0.223	0.389*
M-milk	-0.150	-0.056	-0.306*	0.166	0.290	-0.125	-0.069	0.136
M-oils	-0.219	-0.187	-0.149	0.100	0.261	-0.072	0.094	0.051
M-sweets	-0.191	0.169	-0.003	-0.018	0.229	-0.085	-0.183	-0.08
M-beverages	0.105	-0.219	-0.247	-0.085	0.065	0.018	0.073	-0.357*
M-seasoning spices	-0.181	-0.001	0.244	-0.008	0.301	0.008	0.079	0.134
SS loadings	2.594	1.675	1.601	1.538	2.570	1.819	1.600	1.436
Proportion value (%)	22.4	9.3	8.5	7.9	22.0	11.2	8.5	6.9

Table 4. Principal Component Factor

Food groups

Non-food allergy group

Food allergy group

First factor

Second factor

Third factor

Fourth factor

First factor

Second factor

Third factor

Fourth factor

*|load| > 0.30 (in module).

Children

C-cereals

-0.131

-0.195

0.178

-0.172

-0.189

-0.130

0.283

0.160

C-potatoes

-0.220

0.212

-0.190

-0.204

-0.079

-0.331*

-0.024

0.077

C-sugars

-0.184

-0.063

0.140

-0.166

0.025

-0.132

0.137

-0.287

C-pulses

-0.236

0.173

0.025

-0.128

-0.031

-0.180

-0.053

-0.050

C-green and yellow vegetables

-0.248

-0.024

0.172

0.119

-0.050

-0.251

0.331*

-0.116

C-other vegetables

-0.183

-0.016

-0.002

-0.141

-0.129

-0.352*

0.246

0.123

C-fruits

-0.084

-0.077

-0.068

-0.137

-0.132

-0.120

0.066

0.050

C-fishes

-0.139

-0.302*

0.151

-0.063

-0.094

0.064

0.391*

-0.278

C-meat

-0.199

-0.232

-0.077

-0.073

-0.025

-0.326*

0.043

-0.111

C-eggs

-0.160

0.166

-0.205

-0.112

-0.094

0.188

0.311*

0.231

C-milk

0.005

0.355*

-0.077

0.172

0.102

0.112

-0.002

0.320*

C-oils

-0.224

-0.038

-0.224

0.096

-0.023

-0.278

-0.006

0.376*

C-sweets

-0.012

0.003

-0.361*

0.362*

-0.041

-0.317*

-0.223

-0.103

C-beverages

0.064

0.008

-0.194

0.462*

-0.110

-0.248

-0.144

0.245

C-seasoning spices

-0.237

0.243

-0.168

-0.067

-0.038

-0.312*

-0.019

-0.100

Mothers

M-cereals

-0.132

0.192

0.147

0.143

0.275

0.101

0.185

0.028

M-potatoes

-0.212

0.191

-0.058

-0.124

0.101

0.006

-0.365

-0.103

M-sugars

-0.040

-0.147

-0.297

-0.229

0.135

-0.098

0.093

-0.064

M-pulses

-0.139

0.142

0.081

-0.045

0.314*

0.008

-0.055

0.039

M-green and yellow vegetables

-0.243

-0.058

0.143

0.259

0.250

-0.135

0.109

-0.038

M-other vegetables

-0.236

-0.092

0.180

0.368*

0.315*

-0.149

0.076

-0.079

M-fruits

-0.249

0.273

0.144

0.101

0.219

-0.155

-0.142

0.144

M-fishes

-0.212

-0.269

0.139

0.002

0.233

0.011

0.223

-0.105

M-meat

-0.212

-0.355*

-0.105

0.171

0.315*

-0.080

0.161

-0.055

M-eggs

-0.191

-0.054

-0.307*

-0.215

0.099

0.092

0.223

0.389*

M-milk

-0.150

-0.056

-0.306*

0.166

0.290

-0.125

-0.069

0.136

M-oils

-0.219

-0.187

-0.149

0.100

0.261

-0.072

0.094

0.051

M-sweets

-0.191

0.169

-0.003

-0.018

0.229

-0.085

-0.183

-0.08

M-beverages

0.105

-0.219

-0.247

-0.085

0.065

0.018

0.073

-0.357*

M-seasoning spices

-0.181

-0.001

0.244

-0.008

0.301

0.008

0.079

0.134

SS loadings

2.594

1.675

1.601

1.538

2.570

1.819

1.600

1.436

Proportion value (%)

22.4

9.3

8.5

7.9

22.0

11.2

8.5

6.9

**Table 5.** Relationship Between the BMI of FA Mothers and the Use of Substitute Foods
	Regression coefficient	Standard error	t value	P value
*P < 0.05. Multiple regression analysis (stepwise). A linear regression analysis was performed considering the mother’s BMI as the objective variable, and the child’s age and sex, mother’s age, and use of substitute foods as explanatory variables. BMI: body mass index; FA: food allergies.
Substitute food use	-7.835	3.051	-2.568	0.014*

Table 5. Relationship Between the BMI of FA Mothers and the Use of Substitute Foods

Regression coefficient

Standard error

t value

P value

*P < 0.05. Multiple regression analysis (stepwise). A linear regression analysis was performed considering the mother’s BMI as the objective variable, and the child’s age and sex, mother’s age, and use of substitute foods as explanatory variables. BMI: body mass index; FA: food allergies.

Substitute food use

-7.835

3.051

-2.568

0.014*