J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 11, Number 8, August 2019, pages 583-592

Adherence to Medication, Physical Activity and Diet in Older Adults With Diabetes: Its Association With Cognition, Anxiety and Depression

**Table 1.** Socio-Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of the Sample
Age (years), mean (SD)	75.2 (6.7)
Education (years), mean (SD)	3.3 (2.0)
Gender, n (%)
Male	44 (46.8)
Female	50 (53.2)
Marital status, n (%)
Single	3 (3.2)
Married	60 (63.8)
Divorced/separated	2 (2.1)
Widowed	29 (30.9)
Living situation, n (%)
Alone	19 (20.2)
With partner	61 (64.9)
With son or daughter	12 (12.8)
With another relative	2 (2.1)
Has a carer?, n (%)
No	22 (23.4)
Yes	72 (76.6)

Table 1. Socio-Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of the Sample

Age (years), mean (SD)

75.2 (6.7)

Education (years), mean (SD)

3.3 (2.0)

Gender, n (%)

Male

44 (46.8)

Female

50 (53.2)

Marital status, n (%)

Single

3 (3.2)

Married

60 (63.8)

Divorced/separated

2 (2.1)

Widowed

29 (30.9)

Living situation, n (%)

Alone

19 (20.2)

With partner

61 (64.9)

With son or daughter

12 (12.8)

With another relative

2 (2.1)

Has a carer?, n (%)

22 (23.4)

Yes

72 (76.6)

**Table 2.** Clinical Characteristics of Sample
BMI, n (%)
BMI: body mass index; CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; SD: standard deviation; PA: physical activity.
Normal weight	21 (22.3)
Overweight	37 (39.4)
Obese	36 (38.3)
CCI, mean (SD)	2.4 (1.3)
Total of comorbidities, mean (SD)	5.9 (1.7)
Medication (daily), mean (SD)	8.8 (2.3)
Adherence to medication, n (%)
Non-adherent	14 (14.9)
Partially adherent	14 (14.9)
Adherent	66 (70.2)
Adherence to PA, n (%)
Non-adherent	80 (85.1)
Adherent	14 (14.9)
Adherence to diet, n (%)
Non-adherent	59 (62.8)
Adherent	35 (37.2)
Cognitive impairment, n (%)
Without cognitive impairment	73 (77.7)
With cognitive impairment	21 (22.3)
Depression, n (%)
Without depression	79 (84.0)
With depression	15 (16.0)
Anxiety, n (%)
Without anxiety	72 (76.6)
With anxiety	22 (23.4)

Table 2. Clinical Characteristics of Sample

BMI, n (%)

BMI: body mass index; CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; SD: standard deviation; PA: physical activity.

Normal weight

21 (22.3)

Overweight

37 (39.4)

Obese

36 (38.3)

CCI, mean (SD)

2.4 (1.3)

Total of comorbidities, mean (SD)

5.9 (1.7)

Medication (daily), mean (SD)

8.8 (2.3)

Adherence to medication, n (%)

Non-adherent

14 (14.9)

Partially adherent

14 (14.9)

Adherent

66 (70.2)

Adherence to PA, n (%)

Non-adherent

80 (85.1)

Adherent

14 (14.9)

Adherence to diet, n (%)

Non-adherent

59 (62.8)

Adherent

35 (37.2)

Cognitive impairment, n (%)

Without cognitive impairment

73 (77.7)

With cognitive impairment

21 (22.3)

Depression, n (%)

Without depression

79 (84.0)

With depression

15 (16.0)

Anxiety, n (%)

Without anxiety

72 (76.6)

With anxiety

22 (23.4)

**Table 3.** Therapeutic Adherence, Anxiety and Depression
	HADS (total scores)
Adherence to medication was analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis test, whereas adherence to PA or diet was analyzed with Mann-Whitney test. HADS: hospital anxiety and depression scale; PA: physical activity.
Adherence to medication
Non-adherent	8 (1 - 17)	0.010	6 (0 - 15)	0.048
Partially adherent	6 (1 - 10)		3 (1 - 9)
Adherent	4 (0 - 13)		2 (0 - 19)
Adherence to PA
Non-adherent	4 (0 - 17)	0.035	3 (0 - 19)	0.004
Adherent	2 (1 - 10)		1 (0 - 10)
Adherence to diet
Non-adherent	4 (0 - 17)	0.637	3 (0 - 19)	0.243
Adherent	4 (1 - 13)		2 (0 - 12)

Table 3. Therapeutic Adherence, Anxiety and Depression

HADS (total scores)

Anxiety, median (min. - max.)

P-value

Depression, median (min. - max.)

P-value

Adherence to medication was analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis test, whereas adherence to PA or diet was analyzed with Mann-Whitney test. HADS: hospital anxiety and depression scale; PA: physical activity.

Adherence to medication

Non-adherent

8 (1 - 17)

0.010

6 (0 - 15)

0.048

Partially adherent

6 (1 - 10)

3 (1 - 9)

Adherent

4 (0 - 13)

2 (0 - 19)

Adherence to PA

Non-adherent

4 (0 - 17)

0.035

3 (0 - 19)

0.004

Adherent

2 (1 - 10)

1 (0 - 10)

Adherence to diet

Non-adherent

4 (0 - 17)

0.637

3 (0 - 19)

0.243

Adherent

4 (1 - 13)

2 (0 - 12)

**Table 4.** Predictors of Non-adherence to Medication
	OR (95% CI)	P value
*P < 0.05. OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval. HADS: hospital anxiety and depression scale.
Age	1.010 (0.934 - 1.093)	0.802
Gender (female)	0.926 (0.329 - 2.611)	0.885
Anxiety (total HADS-A)	1.252 (1.046 - 1.499)	0.014*
Depression (total HADS-D)	0.984 (0.850 -1.139)	0.827
Insulin prescription (yes)	4.041 (1.404 - 11.628)	0.010*

Table 4. Predictors of Non-adherence to Medication

OR (95% CI)

P value

*P < 0.05. OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval. HADS: hospital anxiety and depression scale.

Age

1.010 (0.934 - 1.093)

0.802

Gender (female)

0.926 (0.329 - 2.611)

0.885

Anxiety (total HADS-A)

1.252 (1.046 - 1.499)

0.014*

Depression (total HADS-D)

0.984 (0.850 -1.139)

0.827

Insulin prescription (yes)

4.041 (1.404 - 11.628)

0.010*