J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 11, Number 6, June 2019, pages 447-451

Background Factors Determining the Introduction and Dosage of Insulin in Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Figure 1. Correlation between non-pregnancy body weight (kg) and insulin dosage (units/day) (r = 0.360, P = 0.012).

**Table 1.** Patient Background
Item	Mean ± SD
75-g OGTT: 75-g oral glucose tolerance test.
Age (years)	34.4 ± 4.5
Insulin introduction (with/without)	51 (45%)/63 (55%)
Bolus insulin used (units/day)	10 ± 15.8
Family history of diabetes mellitus (with/without)	48 (42%)/66 (58%)
Non-pregnancy body weight (kg)	60.1 ± 12.6
Number of weeks of pregnancy at the time of diagnosis (weeks)	22 ± 6
Body weight at the time of delivery (kg)	66.3 ± 12.0
Apgar score at 1 min	7.89 ± 0.71
Apgar score at 5 min	8.87 ± 0.56
Newborn weight (g)	2,761 ± 446
Placental weight (g)	585 ± 177
Six-divided diet (with/without)	66 (58%)/48 (42%)
Number of positive 75-g OGTT results (once vs. twice or thrice)	80/34

Table 1. Patient Background

Item

Mean ± SD

75-g OGTT: 75-g oral glucose tolerance test.

Age (years)

34.4 ± 4.5

Insulin introduction (with/without)

51 (45%)/63 (55%)

Bolus insulin used (units/day)

10 ± 15.8

Family history of diabetes mellitus (with/without)

48 (42%)/66 (58%)

Non-pregnancy body weight (kg)

60.1 ± 12.6

Number of weeks of pregnancy at the time of diagnosis (weeks)

22 ± 6

Body weight at the time of delivery (kg)

66.3 ± 12.0

Apgar score at 1 min

7.89 ± 0.71

Apgar score at 5 min

8.87 ± 0.56

Newborn weight (g)

2,761 ± 446

Placental weight (g)

585 ± 177

Six-divided diet (with/without)

66 (58%)/48 (42%)

Number of positive 75-g OGTT results (once vs. twice or thrice)

80/34

**Table 2.** Background Factors That Differed Between the Insulin Non-Introduction Group and the Insulin Introduction Group
	Insulin non-introduction group (63 patients)	Insulin introduction group (51 patients)	P value
Age (years)	34.2 ± 4.50	34.6 ± 4.60	0.619
Family history of diabetes mellitus (with/without)	22/41	26/25	0.091
Non-pregnancy body weight (kg)	59 (51.5 - 67.5)	59 (52.3 - 65.5)	0.78
Body weight at the time of delivery (kg)	64.9 (57.6 - 74.0)	66.4 (58.1 - 73.3)	0.843
Obesity (with/without)	28/35	16/35	0.179
Apgar score at 1 min	8 (8 - 8)	8 (8 - 8)	0.794
Apgar score at 5 min	9 (9 - 9)	9 (9 - 9)	0.708
Newborn weight (g)	2,800 (2,681 - 3,047)	2,720 (2,452 - 3,082)	0.582
Placental weight (g)	544 (493 - 596)	572 (491 - 660)	0.326
Six-divided diet (with/without)	26/37	40/11	< 0.001
Number of positive 75-g OGTT results (once vs. twice or thrice)	46/17	28/23	0.051

Table 2. Background Factors That Differed Between the Insulin Non-Introduction Group and the Insulin Introduction Group

Insulin non-introduction group (63 patients)

Insulin introduction group (51 patients)

P value

Age (years)

34.2 ± 4.50

34.6 ± 4.60

0.619

Family history of diabetes mellitus (with/without)

22/41

26/25

0.091

Non-pregnancy body weight (kg)

59 (51.5 - 67.5)

59 (52.3 - 65.5)

0.78

Body weight at the time of delivery (kg)

64.9 (57.6 - 74.0)

66.4 (58.1 - 73.3)

0.843

Obesity (with/without)

28/35

16/35

0.179

Apgar score at 1 min

8 (8 - 8)

0.794

Apgar score at 5 min

9 (9 - 9)

0.708

Newborn weight (g)

2,800 (2,681 - 3,047)

2,720 (2,452 - 3,082)

0.582

Placental weight (g)

544 (493 - 596)

572 (491 - 660)

0.326

Six-divided diet (with/without)

26/37

40/11

< 0.001

Number of positive 75-g OGTT results (once vs. twice or thrice)

46/17

28/23

0.051

**Table 3.** Background Factors Contributing to the Necessity of Insulin Introduction
Univariate analysis
With/without family history	1.94	0.91 - 4.12	0.086
With/without late-in-life pregnancy	1.02	0.94 - 1.11	0.616
With/without obesity	1.04	0.96 - 1.12	0.325
Number of positive 75-g OGTT results	2.04	1.09 - 3.81	0.026
Number of positive 75-g OGTT results	2.04	1.09 - 3.81	0.025

Table 3. Background Factors Contributing to the Necessity of Insulin Introduction

Univariate analysis

95% CI

P value

With/without family history

1.94

0.91 - 4.12

0.086

With/without late-in-life pregnancy

1.02

0.94 - 1.11

0.616

With/without obesity

1.04

0.96 - 1.12

0.325

Number of positive 75-g OGTT results

2.04

1.09 - 3.81

0.026

Multivariate analysis

95% CI

P value

Number of positive 75-g OGTT results

2.04

1.09 - 3.81

0.025

**Table 4.** Insulin Dosage and Background Factors
Univariate analysis
Age (years)	0.224	0.331	0.500
Body weight at the time of delivery	0.33	0.120	0.007
Non-pregnancy body weight (kg)	0.33	0.114	0.005
Placental weight (g)	0.014	0.01	0.164
Std. Er: standard error.
Non-pregnancy body weight (kg)	0.33	0.114	0.005

Table 4. Insulin Dosage and Background Factors

Univariate analysis

Estimate

Std. Er

P value

Age (years)

0.224

0.331

0.500

Body weight at the time of delivery

0.33

0.120

0.007

Non-pregnancy body weight (kg)

0.33

0.114

0.005

Placental weight (g)

0.014

0.01

0.164

Multivariate analysis

Estimate

Std. Er

P value

Std. Er: standard error.

Non-pregnancy body weight (kg)

0.33

0.114

0.005