J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 11, Number 5, May 2019, pages 375-382

Prognostic Factors of Functional Outcome Assessed by Using the Modified Rankin Scale in Subacute Ischemic Stroke

**Table 1.** Demographic Data, Premorbid Health Status and Stroke-Related Characteristics According to Functional Recovery at Baseline (n = 358)
Characteristics	Functional recovery (n = 255)	Non-functional recovery (n = 103)	P value
GCS: Glasgow coma scale; TIA: transient ischemic attack. P < 0.05, *P < 0.001.
Gender	0.342
Male	135	53.78	47	47.47
Female	116	46.22	52	52.53
Hemisphere	0.525
Left	120	47.81	47	47.47
Right	131	52.19	52	52.53
Subtype	< 0.001**
Large artery, atherosclerosis	163	64.94	93	93.94
Cardio-embolism	5	1.99	0	0.00
Small-vessel occlusion	83	33.07	6	6.06
Age, mean (± SD)	63.0 (13.55)		66.7 (11.91)		0.016*
BP
Admission SBP, mean (± SD)	153.4 (29.27)		157.1 (29.88)		0.187
Admission DBP	86.4 (19.33)		86.9 (18.87)		0.652
GCS	13.7 (1.99)		12.5 (2.46)		< 0.001**
Prior TIA	12	5.33	13	14.61	0.011*
Myocardial infarction	8	3.69	4	4.76	0.744
Atrial fibrillation	62	27.07	47	50.54	< 0.001**
Smoking	58	23.11	24	24.24	0.892
Alcohol	32	12.96	16	16.16	0.486
Co-morbidity
Hypertension	163	67.92	65	69.15	0.887
Dyslipidemia	129	54.43	55	57.29	0.551
Diabetes mellitus	45	19.57	23	26.14	0.454
Other co-morbidity	0.014*
One co-morbidity	74	29.72	28	28.28
Two or more co-morbidities	57	22.89	37	37.37

Table 1. Demographic Data, Premorbid Health Status and Stroke-Related Characteristics According to Functional Recovery at Baseline (n = 358)

Characteristics

Functional recovery (n = 255)

Non-functional recovery (n = 103)

P value

GCS: Glasgow coma scale; TIA: transient ischemic attack. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.001.

Gender

0.342

Male

135

53.78

47.47

Female

116

46.22

52.53

Hemisphere

0.525

Left

120

47.81

47.47

Right

131

52.19

52.53

Subtype

< 0.001**

Large artery, atherosclerosis

163

64.94

93.94

Cardio-embolism

1.99

0.00

Small-vessel occlusion

33.07

6.06

Age, mean (± SD)

63.0 (13.55)

66.7 (11.91)

0.016*

Admission SBP, mean (± SD)

153.4 (29.27)

157.1 (29.88)

0.187

Admission DBP

86.4 (19.33)

86.9 (18.87)

0.652

GCS

13.7 (1.99)

12.5 (2.46)

< 0.001**

Prior TIA

5.33

14.61

0.011*

Myocardial infarction

3.69

4.76

0.744

Atrial fibrillation

27.07

50.54

< 0.001**

Smoking

23.11

24.24

0.892

Alcohol

12.96

16.16

0.486

Co-morbidity

Hypertension

163

67.92

69.15

0.887

Dyslipidemia

129

54.43

57.29

0.551

Diabetes mellitus

19.57

26.14

0.454

Other co-morbidity

0.014*

One co-morbidity

29.72

28.28

Two or more co-morbidities

22.89

37.37

**Table 2.** Comparison of Motor Assessment and Post-Stroke Complications Between the Independent Functional Recovery Group (n = 255) and Non-Functional Recovery Group (n = 103)
Characteristics	Functional recovery	Non-functional recovery	P value
MMT: manual muscle testing; P < 0.05, *P < 0.001.
Follow-up motor assessment
MMT arm	< 0.001**
Grade 0 - 1	95	24.70	70	70.71
Grade 2 - 3	94	37.45	24	24.24
More than 3 +	62	37.85	5	5.05
MMT leg	< 0.001**
Grade 0 - 1	47	18.73	62	62.63
Grade 2 - 3	102	40.64	31	31.31
More than 3 +	102	40.64	6	6.06
Stroke-related complications
Aphasia	< 0.001**
Dysarthria	100	39.84	37	38.14
Motor/sensory aphasia	31	12.35	9	0.001
Global aphasia	24	9.56	24	9.28
Dysphagia	10	4.00	11	24.74	0.033*
Inattention	14	5.60	11	11.22	0.107
Apraxia	4	1.57	1	0.97	1.000
Depression	9	3.60	9	9.18	0.042*
Other complications	< 0.001**
One complication	50	20.08	24	24.24
Two or more complications	21	8.43	23	23.23

Table 2. Comparison of Motor Assessment and Post-Stroke Complications Between the Independent Functional Recovery Group (n = 255) and Non-Functional Recovery Group (n = 103)

Characteristics

Functional recovery

Non-functional recovery

P value

MMT: manual muscle testing; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.001.

Follow-up motor assessment

MMT arm

< 0.001**

Grade 0 - 1

24.70

70.71

Grade 2 - 3

37.45

24.24

More than 3 +

37.85

5.05

MMT leg

< 0.001**

Grade 0 - 1

18.73

62.63

Grade 2 - 3

102

40.64

31.31

More than 3 +

102

40.64

6.06

Stroke-related complications

Aphasia

< 0.001**

Dysarthria

100

39.84

38.14

Motor/sensory aphasia

12.35

0.001

Global aphasia

9.56

9.28

Dysphagia

4.00

24.74

0.033*

Inattention

5.60

11.22

0.107

Apraxia

1.57

0.97

1.000

Depression

3.60

9.18

0.042*

Other complications

< 0.001**

One complication

20.08

24.24

Two or more complications

8.43

23.23

**Table 3.** Independent Predictors of Functional Recovery Within 6 Months Post Stroke From the Univariable Analysis Generalized Linear Model
Predictors	RR	95% CI	P value
RR: risk ratio; CI: confidence interval. P < 0.05, * P < 0.001.
Age over 75 years	1.30	1.00 - 1.69	0.043*
Prior TIA	1.98	1.10 - 3.56	0.026*
Initial GCS < 12	2.02	1.35 - 3.03	0.001*
Atrial fibrillation	1.99	1.32 - 2.99	< 0.001**
Co-morbidity	1.32	1.05 - 1.68	0.016*
Motor arm	2.95	2.11 - 4.11	< 0.001**
Motor leg	2.84	2.09 - 3.87	< 0.001**
Aphasia	1.38	1.09 - 1.76	0.008*
Dysphagia	1.97	1.05 - 3.69	0.034*
Other complications	1.51	1.19 -1.92	< 0.001**

Table 3. Independent Predictors of Functional Recovery Within 6 Months Post Stroke From the Univariable Analysis Generalized Linear Model

Predictors

95% CI

P value

RR: risk ratio; CI: confidence interval. *P < 0.05, ** P < 0.001.

Age over 75 years

1.30

1.00 - 1.69

0.043*

Prior TIA

1.98

1.10 - 3.56

0.026*

Initial GCS < 12

2.02

1.35 - 3.03

0.001*

Atrial fibrillation

1.99

1.32 - 2.99

< 0.001**

Co-morbidity

1.32

1.05 - 1.68

0.016*

Motor arm

2.95

2.11 - 4.11

< 0.001**

Motor leg

2.84

2.09 - 3.87

< 0.001**

Aphasia

1.38

1.09 - 1.76

0.008*

Dysphagia

1.97

1.05 - 3.69

0.034*

Other complications

1.51

1.19 -1.92

< 0.001**

**Table 4.** Independent Predictors of Functional Recovery Within 6 Months Post Stroke Using the Multivariable Analysis Generalized Linear Model
Predictors	RR	95% CI	P value
RR: risk ratio; CI: confidence interval. *P < 0.05.
Motor leg	1.92	1.14 - 3.21	0.013*
Motor arm	1.75	1.02 - 3.01	0.042*
Age more than 75	1.36	1.04 - 1.77	0.025*

Table 4. Independent Predictors of Functional Recovery Within 6 Months Post Stroke Using the Multivariable Analysis Generalized Linear Model

Predictors

95% CI

P value

RR: risk ratio; CI: confidence interval. *P < 0.05.

Motor leg

1.92

1.14 - 3.21

0.013*

Motor arm

1.75

1.02 - 3.01

0.042*

Age more than 75

1.36

1.04 - 1.77

0.025*