J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 11, Number 3, March 2019, pages 179-187

Relationship of Salivary Occult Blood With General and Oral Health Status in Employees of a Japanese Department Store

**Table 1.** Correlation Between Salivary Occult Blood and Factors Associated With General and Oral Health
	SOBT	P value
Mann-Whitney U-test, Chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test were used for statistical analysis. P values less than 0.05 were regarded to be statistically significant.
Sex
Men (85)	47 (55.3%)	38 (44.7%)	0.034
Women (253)	172 (68.0%)	81 (32.0%)
Age	40.6 ± 13.7	43.0 ± 14.1	0.119
BMI	21.6 ± 3.1	23.0 ± 4.0	0.003
Blood pressure
SBP < 130 mm Hg and DBP < 85 mm Hg (257)	173 (67.3%)	84 (32.7%)	0.084
SBP ≥ 130 mm Hg and/or DBP ≥ 85 mm Hg (81)	46 (56.8%)	35 (43.2%)
Smoking
Never smokers (242)	159 (65.7%)	83 (34.3%)	0.856
Former smokers (58)	36 (62.1%)	22 (37.9%)
Current smokers (36)	24 (66.7%)	12 (33.3%)
Cerebrovascular disease
(-) (335)	216 (60.6%)	119 (39.4%)	0.271
(+) (3)	3 (100%)	0 (0.0%)
Hypertension
(-) (314)	203(64.6%)	111 (35.4%)	0.842
(+) (24)	16 (66.7%)	8 (33.3%)
Diabetes
(-) (332)	218 (65.7%)	114 (34.3%)	0.022
(+) (6)	1 (16.7%)	5 (83.3%)
Hyperlipidemia
(-) (322)	211 (65.5%)	111 (34.5%)	0.204
(+) (16)	8 (50.0%)	8 (50.0%)
Cardiovascular disease
(-) (332)	215 (64.8%)	117 (35.2%)	0.644
(+) (6)	4 (66.7%)	2 (33.3%)
CPI
Code 0 (105)	79 (75.2%)	26 (24.8%)	0.007
Code 1 (19)	16 (84.2%)	3 (15.8%)
Code 2 (131)	81 (61.8%)	50 (38.2%)
Code 3 (50)	26 (52.0%)	24 (48.0%)
Code 4 (32)	17 (53.1%)	15 (46.9%)
Number of untreated teeth	0.8 ± 1.5	1.3 ± 2.1	0.015
Number of treated teeth	8.7 ± 6.3	8.9 ± 6.2	0.706
Number of remaining teeth	27.9 ± 2.4	27.3 ± 3.7	0.136
Daily brushing frequency
Once a day (31)	13 (41.9%)	18 (58.1%)	0.004
Twice a day (116)	74 (63.8%)	42 (36.2%)
Three times a day (189)	132 (69.8%)	57 (30.2%)
Not every day (2)	0 (0.0%)	2 (100%)
Dental flossing and interdental brushing
Dental flossing (74)	46 (62.2%)	28 (37.8%)	0.080
Interdental brushing (70)	52 (74.3%)	18 (25.7%)
Both (27)	21 (77.8%)	6 (22.2%)
Never (167)	100 (59.9%)	67 (40.1%)

Table 1. Correlation Between Salivary Occult Blood and Factors Associated With General and Oral Health

SOBT

P value

Negative

Positive

Mann-Whitney U-test, Chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test were used for statistical analysis. P values less than 0.05 were regarded to be statistically significant.

Sex

Men (85)

47 (55.3%)

38 (44.7%)

0.034

Women (253)

172 (68.0%)

81 (32.0%)

Age

40.6 ± 13.7

43.0 ± 14.1

0.119

BMI

21.6 ± 3.1

23.0 ± 4.0

0.003

Blood pressure

SBP < 130 mm Hg and DBP < 85 mm Hg (257)

173 (67.3%)

84 (32.7%)

0.084

SBP ≥ 130 mm Hg and/or DBP ≥ 85 mm Hg (81)

46 (56.8%)

35 (43.2%)

Smoking

Never smokers (242)

159 (65.7%)

83 (34.3%)

0.856

Former smokers (58)

36 (62.1%)

22 (37.9%)

Current smokers (36)

24 (66.7%)

12 (33.3%)

Cerebrovascular disease

(-) (335)

216 (60.6%)

119 (39.4%)

0.271

(+) (3)

3 (100%)

0 (0.0%)

Hypertension

(-) (314)

203(64.6%)

111 (35.4%)

0.842

(+) (24)

16 (66.7%)

8 (33.3%)

Diabetes

(-) (332)

218 (65.7%)

114 (34.3%)

0.022

(+) (6)

1 (16.7%)

5 (83.3%)

Hyperlipidemia

(-) (322)

211 (65.5%)

111 (34.5%)

0.204

(+) (16)

8 (50.0%)

Cardiovascular disease

(-) (332)

215 (64.8%)

117 (35.2%)

0.644

(+) (6)

4 (66.7%)

2 (33.3%)

CPI

Code 0 (105)

79 (75.2%)

26 (24.8%)

0.007

Code 1 (19)

16 (84.2%)

3 (15.8%)

Code 2 (131)

81 (61.8%)

50 (38.2%)

Code 3 (50)

26 (52.0%)

24 (48.0%)

Code 4 (32)

17 (53.1%)

15 (46.9%)

Number of untreated teeth

0.8 ± 1.5

1.3 ± 2.1

0.015

Number of treated teeth

8.7 ± 6.3

8.9 ± 6.2

0.706

Number of remaining teeth

27.9 ± 2.4

27.3 ± 3.7

0.136

Daily brushing frequency

Once a day (31)

13 (41.9%)

18 (58.1%)

0.004

Twice a day (116)

74 (63.8%)

42 (36.2%)

Three times a day (189)

132 (69.8%)

57 (30.2%)

Not every day (2)

0 (0.0%)

2 (100%)

Dental flossing and interdental brushing

Dental flossing (74)

46 (62.2%)

28 (37.8%)

0.080

Interdental brushing (70)

52 (74.3%)

18 (25.7%)

Both (27)

21 (77.8%)

6 (22.2%)

Never (167)

100 (59.9%)

67 (40.1%)

**Table 2.** Logistic Regression Analysis With Salivary Occult Blood as Dependent Variable
Variables	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval	P value
Binomial logistic regression analysis was conducted using “salivary occult blood” as the dependent variable. P values less than 0.05 were regarded to be statistically significant.
BMI	1.09	1.02 - 1.17	0.014
Diabetes	9.38	1.03 - 85.55	0.047
CPI	1.31	1.09 - 1.57	0.004
Daily brushing frequency	0.70	0.49 - 0.99	0.045

Table 2. Logistic Regression Analysis With Salivary Occult Blood as Dependent Variable

Variables

Odds ratio

95% confidence interval

P value

Binomial logistic regression analysis was conducted using “salivary occult blood” as the dependent variable. P values less than 0.05 were regarded to be statistically significant.

BMI

1.09

1.02 - 1.17

0.014

Diabetes

9.38

1.03 - 85.55

0.047

CPI

1.31

1.09 - 1.57

0.004

Daily brushing frequency

0.70

0.49 - 0.99

0.045

**Table 3.** Correlation Between Salivary Occult Blood and Factors Associated With General and Oral Health in Workers Aged ≥ 35 years
	SOBT	P value
Mann-Whitney U-test, Chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test were used for statistical analysis. P values less than 0.05 were regarded to be statistically significant.
Sex
Men (66)	39 (59.1%)	27 (40.9%)	0.421
Women (159)	103 (64.8%)	56 (35.2%)
Age	48.9 ± 8.9	50.6 ± 9.1	0.168
BMI	22.1 ± 3.4	23.1 ± 4.0	0.108
Waist circumference
< 85 cm for men and < 90 cm for women (186)	121 (65.1%)	65 (34.9%)	0.205
≥ 85 cm for men and ≥ 90 cm for women (37)	20 (54.1%)	17 (45.9%)
Blood pressure
SBP < 130 mm Hg and DBP < 85 mm Hg (149)	100 (67.1%)	49 (32.9%)	0.081
SBP ≥ 130 mm Hg and/or DBP ≥ 85 mm Hg (76)	42 (55.3%)	34 (44.7%)
Triglyceride (TG)
< 150 mg/dL (197)	135 (68.5%)	62 (31.5%)	< 0.001
≥ 150 mg/dL (27)	6 (22.2%)	21 (77.8%)
HDL cholesterol
< 40 mg/dL (2)	0 (0.0%)	2 (100%)	0.136
≥ 40 mg/dL (222)	141 (63.5%)	81 (36.5%)
Fasting blood sugar (FBS)
< 110 mg/dL (180)	121 (67.2%)	59 (32.8%)	0.015
≥ 110 mg/dL (22)	9 (40.9%)	13 (59.1%)
Metabolic syndrome
(-) (186)	124 (66.7%)	62 (33.3%)	0.010
(+) (15)	5 (33.3%)	10 (66.7%)
Smoking
Never smokers (140)	88 (62.9%)	52 (37.1%)	0.977
Former smokers (53)	34 (64.2%)	19 (35.8%)
Current smokers (31)	20 (64.5%)	11 (35.5%)
Cerebrovascular disease
(-) (223)	140 (62.8%)	83 (37.2%)	0.397
(+) (2)	2 (100%)	0 (0.0%)
Hypertension
(-) (201)	126 (62.7%)	75 (37.3%)	0.702
(+) (24)	16 (66.7%)	8 (33.3%)
Diabetes
(-) (219)	141 (64.4%)	78 (35.6%)	0.027
(+) (6)	1 (16.7%)	5 (83.3%)
Hyperlipidemia
(-) (209)	134 (64.1%)	75 (35.9%)	0.259
(+) (16)	8 (50.0%)	8 (50.0%)
Cardiovascular disease
(-) (219)	138 (63.0%)	81 (37.0%)	0.609
(+) (6)	4 (66.7%)	2 (33.3%)
CPI
Code 0 (71)	50 (70.4%)	21 (29.6%)	0.113
Code 1 (14)	12 (85.7%)	2 (14.3%)
Code 2 (80)	48 (60.0%)	32(40.0%)
Code 3 (39)	20 (51.3%)	19 (48.7%)
Code 4 (20)	12 (60.0%)	8 (40.0%)
Number of untreated teeth	0.7 ± 1.5	1.1 ± 1.6	0.007
Number of treated teeth	11.1 ± 5.8	10.9 ± 5.4	0.747
Number of remaining teeth	27.6 ± 2.8	26.8 ± 4.2	0.102
Daily brushing frequency
Once a day (26)	11 (42.3%)	15 (57.7%)	0.019
Twice a day (70)	42 (60.0%)	28 (40.0%)
Three times a day (128)	89 (69.5%)	39 (30.5%)
Not every day (1)	0 (0.0%)	1 (100%)
Dental flossing and interdental brushing
Dental flossing (57)	36 (63.2%)	21 (36.8%)	0.072
Interdental brushing (53)	37 (69.8%)	16 (30.2%)
Both (90)	49 (54.4%)	41 (45.6%)
Never (25)	20 (80.0%)	5 (20.0%)

Table 3. Correlation Between Salivary Occult Blood and Factors Associated With General and Oral Health in Workers Aged ≥ 35 years

SOBT

P value

Negative

Positive

Mann-Whitney U-test, Chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test were used for statistical analysis. P values less than 0.05 were regarded to be statistically significant.

Sex

Men (66)

39 (59.1%)

27 (40.9%)

0.421

Women (159)

103 (64.8%)

56 (35.2%)

Age

48.9 ± 8.9

50.6 ± 9.1

0.168

BMI

22.1 ± 3.4

23.1 ± 4.0

0.108

Waist circumference

< 85 cm for men and < 90 cm for women (186)

121 (65.1%)

65 (34.9%)

0.205

≥ 85 cm for men and ≥ 90 cm for women (37)

20 (54.1%)

17 (45.9%)

Blood pressure

SBP < 130 mm Hg and DBP < 85 mm Hg (149)

100 (67.1%)

49 (32.9%)

0.081

SBP ≥ 130 mm Hg and/or DBP ≥ 85 mm Hg (76)

42 (55.3%)

34 (44.7%)

Triglyceride (TG)

< 150 mg/dL (197)

135 (68.5%)

62 (31.5%)

< 0.001

≥ 150 mg/dL (27)

6 (22.2%)

21 (77.8%)

HDL cholesterol

< 40 mg/dL (2)

0 (0.0%)

2 (100%)

0.136

≥ 40 mg/dL (222)

141 (63.5%)

81 (36.5%)

Fasting blood sugar (FBS)

< 110 mg/dL (180)

121 (67.2%)

59 (32.8%)

0.015

≥ 110 mg/dL (22)

9 (40.9%)

13 (59.1%)

Metabolic syndrome

(-) (186)

124 (66.7%)

62 (33.3%)

0.010

(+) (15)

5 (33.3%)

10 (66.7%)

Smoking

Never smokers (140)

88 (62.9%)

52 (37.1%)

0.977

Former smokers (53)

34 (64.2%)

19 (35.8%)

Current smokers (31)

20 (64.5%)

11 (35.5%)

Cerebrovascular disease

(-) (223)

140 (62.8%)

83 (37.2%)

0.397

(+) (2)

2 (100%)

0 (0.0%)

Hypertension

(-) (201)

126 (62.7%)

75 (37.3%)

0.702

(+) (24)

16 (66.7%)

8 (33.3%)

Diabetes

(-) (219)

141 (64.4%)

78 (35.6%)

0.027

(+) (6)

1 (16.7%)

5 (83.3%)

Hyperlipidemia

(-) (209)

134 (64.1%)

75 (35.9%)

0.259

(+) (16)

8 (50.0%)

Cardiovascular disease

(-) (219)

138 (63.0%)

81 (37.0%)

0.609

(+) (6)

4 (66.7%)

2 (33.3%)

CPI

Code 0 (71)

50 (70.4%)

21 (29.6%)

0.113

Code 1 (14)

12 (85.7%)

2 (14.3%)

Code 2 (80)

48 (60.0%)

32(40.0%)

Code 3 (39)

20 (51.3%)

19 (48.7%)

Code 4 (20)

12 (60.0%)

8 (40.0%)

Number of untreated teeth

0.7 ± 1.5

1.1 ± 1.6

0.007

Number of treated teeth

11.1 ± 5.8

10.9 ± 5.4

0.747

Number of remaining teeth

27.6 ± 2.8

26.8 ± 4.2

0.102

Daily brushing frequency

Once a day (26)

11 (42.3%)

15 (57.7%)

0.019

Twice a day (70)

42 (60.0%)

28 (40.0%)

Three times a day (128)

89 (69.5%)

39 (30.5%)

Not every day (1)

0 (0.0%)

1 (100%)

Dental flossing and interdental brushing

Dental flossing (57)

36 (63.2%)

21 (36.8%)

0.072

Interdental brushing (53)

37 (69.8%)

16 (30.2%)

Both (90)

49 (54.4%)

41 (45.6%)

Never (25)

20 (80.0%)

5 (20.0%)

**Table 4.** Logistic Regression Analysis With Salivary Occult Blood as Dependent Variable in Workers Aged ≥ 35 Years
Variables	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval	P value
Binomial logistic regression analysis was conducted using “salivary occult blood” as the dependent variable. P values less than 0.05 were regarded to be statistically significant.
Triglyceride (TG)	7.59	2.71 - 21.20	< 0.001
Diabetes	3.00	0.97 - 9.26	0.056
CPI	1.40	1.09 - 1.79	0.007

Table 4. Logistic Regression Analysis With Salivary Occult Blood as Dependent Variable in Workers Aged ≥ 35 Years

Variables

Odds ratio

95% confidence interval

P value

Binomial logistic regression analysis was conducted using “salivary occult blood” as the dependent variable. P values less than 0.05 were regarded to be statistically significant.

Triglyceride (TG)

7.59

2.71 - 21.20

< 0.001

Diabetes

3.00

0.97 - 9.26

0.056

CPI

1.40

1.09 - 1.79

0.007

**Table 5.** Correlation Between Metabolic Syndrome and Factors Associated With Oral Health
	Metabolic syndrome	P value
Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test were used for statistical analysis. P values less than 0.05 were regarded to be statistically significant.
SOBT
Negative (129)	124 (96.1%)	5 (3.9%)	0.010
Positive (72)	62 (86.1%)	10 (13.9%)
CPI
Code 0 (59)	57 (96.6%)	2 (3.4%)	0.268
Code 1 (13)	13 (100%)	0 (0.0%)
Code 2 (74)	67 (90.5%)	7 (9.5%)
Code 3 (35)	33 (94.3%)	2 (5.7%)
Code 4 (19)	16 (84.2%)	3 (15.8%)
Number of untreated teeth	0.8 ± 1.5	1.8 ± 2.5	0.062
Number of treated teeth	11.1 ± 5.9	9.7 ± 4.8	0.342
Number of remaining teeth	27.6 ± 2.8	24.6 ± 7.8	0.088
Daily brushing frequency
Once a day (24)	21 (87.5%)	3 (12.5%)	0.013
Twice a day (68)	61 (89.7%)	7 (10.3%)
Three times a day (108)	104 (96.3%)	4 (3.7%)
Not every day (1)	0 (0.0%)	1 (100%)
Dental flossing and interdental brushing
Dental flossing (51)	48 (94.1%)	3 (5.9%)	0.228
Interdental brushing (44)	38 (86.4%)	6 (13.6%)
Both (85)	79 (92.9%)	6 (7.1%)
Never (21)	21 (100%)	0 (0.0%)

Table 5. Correlation Between Metabolic Syndrome and Factors Associated With Oral Health

Metabolic syndrome

P value

(-)

(+)

Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test were used for statistical analysis. P values less than 0.05 were regarded to be statistically significant.

SOBT

Negative (129)

124 (96.1%)

5 (3.9%)

0.010

Positive (72)

62 (86.1%)

10 (13.9%)

CPI

Code 0 (59)

57 (96.6%)

2 (3.4%)

0.268

Code 1 (13)

13 (100%)

0 (0.0%)

Code 2 (74)

67 (90.5%)

7 (9.5%)

Code 3 (35)

33 (94.3%)

2 (5.7%)

Code 4 (19)

16 (84.2%)

3 (15.8%)

Number of untreated teeth

0.8 ± 1.5

1.8 ± 2.5

0.062

Number of treated teeth

11.1 ± 5.9

9.7 ± 4.8

0.342

Number of remaining teeth

27.6 ± 2.8

24.6 ± 7.8

0.088

Daily brushing frequency

Once a day (24)

21 (87.5%)

3 (12.5%)

0.013

Twice a day (68)

61 (89.7%)

7 (10.3%)

Three times a day (108)

104 (96.3%)

4 (3.7%)

Not every day (1)

0 (0.0%)

1 (100%)

Dental flossing and interdental brushing

Dental flossing (51)

48 (94.1%)

3 (5.9%)

0.228

Interdental brushing (44)

38 (86.4%)

6 (13.6%)

Both (85)

79 (92.9%)

6 (7.1%)

Never (21)

21 (100%)

0 (0.0%)

**Table 6.** Logistic Regression Analysis With Metabolic Syndrome as Dependent Variable
Variables	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval	P value
Binomial logistic regression analysis was conducted using “metabolic syndrome” as the dependent variable. P values less than 0.05 were regarded to be statistically significant.
Salivary occult blood	3.38	1.05 - 10.83	0.041
Number of untreated teeth	1.42	1.09 - 1.85	0.010
Number of remaining teeth	0.84	0.73 - 0.97	0.013

Table 6. Logistic Regression Analysis With Metabolic Syndrome as Dependent Variable

Variables

Odds ratio

95% confidence interval

P value

Binomial logistic regression analysis was conducted using “metabolic syndrome” as the dependent variable. P values less than 0.05 were regarded to be statistically significant.

Salivary occult blood

3.38

1.05 - 10.83

0.041

Number of untreated teeth

1.42

1.09 - 1.85

0.010

Number of remaining teeth

0.84

0.73 - 0.97

0.013