Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access
Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc
Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Letter to the Editor

Volume 10, Number 12, December 2018, pages 936-939

Which Nutritional Factors Are Good for HDL?

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1. Serum HDL-C levels in young men, middle-aged people with low Framingham risk score, type 2 diabetic patients without obesity and type 2 diabetic patients with obesity. This figure was made by modification of data in our previous report [3].
Figure 2.
Figure 2. Abnormal lipid metabolism induced by obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. FFA: free fatty acid; gLDL: glycated LDL: HSL: hormone-sensitive lipase; LDL-R: LDL-receptor; LPL: lipoprotein lipase; NPC1L1: Niemann-Pick C1-like 1; oLDL: oxidized LDL; sdLDL: small dense LDL; VLDL: very low-density lipoprotein.

Table

Table 1. Effects of Nutritional Factors on HDL-C and Other Metabolic Parameters
 
HDL-CLDL-CTGBW, BMI, WC
BMI: body mass index; BW: body weight; CLA: conjugated linoleic acid; GI: glycemic index; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LC: low carbohydrate; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LF: low fat; MUFA: mono-unsaturated fatty acid; PUFA: poly-unsaturated fatty acid; SFA: saturated fatty acid; TFA: trans fatty acid; TG: triglyceride; WC: waist circumference.
Carbohydrate consumption
  Low LC diets (versus LF diets)↑↑↓↓
  Low LC diets↑→↓↓ or →
  Low GI diets↑ or →↓ or →↓ or →BW → or BMI → or WC →
  Free sugars↑↑↑→
  Fructose (hypercaloric)→↑
  Fructose (isocaloric)→→ or ↑→
Dietary fiber consumption
  Konjac glucomannan↓
  Beta-glucan→↓→
  Increased dietary fiber intake↑ or →↓→
  Whole-grain foods→↓↓
  Polyglycoplex→↓→BW →
  Barley→↓↓
  Psyllium↓↓→
Soy and non-soy legume consumption
  Soy↑↓↓
  Soy products↑↓↓
  Soy protein↑↓↓
Fatty acids consumption
  SFA↑↑
  Industrially produced-TFA↓↑
  Ruminant-TFA→→
  CLA→↓→
  n-3 PUFA→ or ↑→ or ↓↓WC ↓ BMI →
  MUFA→ or ↑↓ or →→ or ↓BW ↓ or BMI →