J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 10, Number 5, May 2018, pages 384-390

Impact of Drug Induced Long QT Syndrome: A Systematic Review

Figure 1. Flowchart illustrates the process of including and excluding studies following PRISMA guidelines using PubMed and EMBASE database.

**Table 1.** Summary of Studies With Age, Type of Study, Gender, Drugs Used and Distribution of QTc Prolongation
Author	Country	Year/ study period	Type of study	Age	M	F	N_T	N₁	N₂	N_c	Drug1	Drug2	Poly pills	Major diagnosis/ indication	Total QTc prolongation
M: male; F: female; n/a: unavailability of data; N_T: total number of patients in the study; N₁: number of patients exposed to drug 1; N₂: number of patients exposed to drug 2; N_c: number of patients exposed to control drug; DDI: drug-drug interactions.
Agusala et al [3]	USA	n/a	Retrospective	63 ± 13	231	98	329	227	102	n/a	Sotalol	Dofetilide	n/a	Atrial fibrillation	55
Armahizer et al [4]	USA	2009	Retrospective	62 ± 15.2	102	85	501	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	Ondansetron, amiodarone, metronidazole and haloperidol	Drug-drug interaction in CCU/CTICU	187
Cunnington et al [5]	UK	2012	Retrospective	76.5	75	37	112	61	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	Domperidone, citalopram, amitriptyline, hydroxychloroquine, quetiapine, mirtazapine, quinine, olanzapine	Parkinson’s disease	20
Hough et al [6]	USA	02/2006 - 06/2006	Randomized prospective	37 (18 - 51)	78	31	109	44	43	22	Paliperidone ER	Quetiapine	n/a	Schizophrenia and schizoaffective dis	n/a
Letsas et al [7]	Greece	02/2004 - 10/2006	Retrospective	64.3 ± 14.1	2	19	21	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	Amiodarone, sotalol, digoxin, indapamide	Multiple	n/a
Moffett et al [8]	USA	2012 - 2013	Prospective observational	32 ± 5	9	13	22	22	n/a	n/a	Ondansetron	n/a	n/a	Nausea, vomiting	20
Niedrig et al [9]	Switzerland	2012	Retrospective	n/a	n/a	n/a	51	n/a	n/a	n/a	Macrolide and quinolone antibiotics (MQABs) with > 1 QT prolonging drugs	n/a	Y	Bacterial infection requiring systemic MQ antibiotics	n/a
Perrin-Terrin et al [10]	France		Retrospective	34 ± 8	37	5	42	42	n/a	n/a	Methadone	n/a	n/a	Heroin addiction	n/a
Potkin et al [11]	USA	2001 - 2002	Randomized prospective	n/a	n/a	n/a	188	113	35	35	Iloperidone (8,12,24mg)	Quetiapine	n/a	Schizophrenia and schizoaffective dis	10
Wieneke et al [12]	Germany	24 weeks	Randomized prospective	29.5	30	23	53	31	22	n/a	Levo-α-Acetylmethadol (LAAM)	Methadone	n/a	Opiate addiction	7
Beyraghi et al [13]	Iran	01/2010 - 06/2010	Cross-sectional	35.3	27	47	74	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	Antipsychotics, anticholinergic, antidepressant, lithium, other mood stabilizer	Bipolar, schizo, MDD, others	22
Koca et al [14]	Turkey	2009 - 2010	Prospective observational	59	13	39	52	52	0	0	Capecitabine	n/a	n/a	Malignancy	10
Lee et al [15]	USA	n/a	Retrospective	55 ± 19.5	39	61	100	n/a	n/a	n/a	Azithromycin	n/a	DDI = ondansetron (48%), trazodone (22%), and moxifloxacin (17%)	Hospitalized respiratory/gynae infections	29
Pearson et al [16]	USA	2 years	Retrospective	46 ± 11	23	35	59	n/a	n/a	n/a	Methadone	n/a	n/a	Opiate addiction	16
Price et al [17]	USA	1969 - 2002	Retrospective	55.9	481	765	1,246	633	613	n/a	Methadone	n/a	n/a	Pain management	249
Van der Sijs et al [18]	Netherlands	2010	Retrospective	n/a	32	24	56	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	Haloperidol, amiodarone, sotalol etc.	Multiple	25
Azorin et al [19]	Multicenter	2006	Randomized prospective	n/a	n/a	n/a	186	97	89	n/a	Sertindole	Risperidone	n/a	Schizophrenia	26
Chan et al [20]	Taiwan		Randomized prospective	35	45	38	83	49	34	n/a	Aripiprazole	Risperidone	n/a	Schizophrenia	n/a
Beasley et al [21]	Multicenter	2004 - 2005	Randomized prospective	36 ± 10	294	41	335	198	69	68	Olanzapine	Haloperidol	n/a	Schizophrenia	n/a
Conley et al [22]	Multicenter		Randomized prospective	40 ± 10.8	274	103	377	188	189	n/a	Risperidone	Olanzapine	n/a	Schizophrenia	n/a
Feischhacker et al [23]	Multicenter		Randomized prospective	36.6	399	296	695	350	345	n/a	Aripiprazole	Olanzapine	n/a	Schizophrenia	12
Kane et al [24]	USA	2000 - 2002	Randomized prospective	38.6 ± 0.5	288	126	414	206	104	106	Aripiprazole	Haloperidol	n/a	Schizophrenia	4
Kane et al [25]	USA	1997 - 1998	Randomized prospective	35 ± 8.85	n/a	n/a	306	152	154	n/a	Ziprasidone	Chlorpromazine	n/a	Schizophrenia	n/a
McEvoy et al [26]	USA		Randomized prospective	40.4 ± 0.5	326	94	420	312	n/a	108	Aripiprazole	n/a	n/a	Schizophrenia	3
Min et al [27]	South Korea		Randomized prospective	23.5	n/a	n/a	35	16	19	n/a	Risperidone	Haloperidol	n/a	Schizophrenia	n/a
Peuskens et al [28]	Multicenter		Randomized prospective	38.1	n/a	n/a	1,362	1,136	226	n/a	Risperidone	Haloperidol	n/a	Schizophrenia	n/a
Peuskens et al [29]	Multicenter		Randomized prospective	36.5	120	108	228	115	113	n/a	Amisulpride	Risperidone	n/a	Schizophrenia	4
Potkin et al [30]	Multicenter	1995 - 1996	Randomized prospective	39.1	283	121	404	202	99	103	Aripiprazole	Risperidone	n/a	Schizophrenia	3
Sacchetti et al [31]	Multicenter		Randomized prospective	39.95 ± 10.7	101	45	146	73	73	n/a	Ziprasidone	Clozapine	n/a	Schizophrenia	13
Tran et al [32]	Multicenter		Randomized prospective	36.21 ± 10.73	220	119	339	172	167	n/a	Olanzapine	Risperidone	n/a	Schizophrenia	23
Vieta et al [33]	Multicenter		Randomized prospective	n/a	127	207	334	175	169	n/a	Aripiprazole	Haloperidol	ddI = ondansetron (48%), trazodone (22%), and moxifloxacin (17%)	Mania	9
Haixu et al [34]	China	52 weeks	Cross-sectional	66.6 ± 14.4	1,731	2,390	4,121	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	Multiple	Acquired long QT syndrome in hospitalized pts	106
Niedrig et al [35]	Switzerland	21 days	Cross-sectional	n/a	n/a	n/a	243	186	n/a	57	Citalopram+escitalopram	n/a	n/a	Major depression	15
Van Haelst et al [36]	Netherlands	2007 - 2012	Cross-sectional	70 ± 7	154	243	397	n/a	n/a	n/a	SSRI’s	n/a	Multiple	Major depression	44
Manini et al [37]	USA	2012 - 2013	Prospective observational	42.3 ± 0.8	255	217	472	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	Methadone, oxycodone, other opiods, benzodiazepines etc.	Acute drug overdose	60
Kasper et al [38]	Multicenter	12 weeks	Randomized prospective	37.1 ± 10.3	758	536	1,241	810	431	n/a	Aripiprazole	Haloperidol	n/a	Schizophrenia	2
Total				43.8	6,554	5,966	15,153								974

Table 1. Summary of Studies With Age, Type of Study, Gender, Drugs Used and Distribution of QTc Prolongation

Author

Country

Year/ study period

Type of study

Age

N_T

N₁

N₂

N_c

Drug1

Drug2

Poly pills

Major diagnosis/ indication

Total QTc prolongation

M: male; F: female; n/a: unavailability of data; N_T: total number of patients in the study; N₁: number of patients exposed to drug 1; N₂: number of patients exposed to drug 2; N_c: number of patients exposed to control drug; DDI: drug-drug interactions.

Agusala et al [3]

USA

n/a

Retrospective

63 ± 13

231

329

227

102

n/a

Sotalol

Dofetilide

n/a

Atrial fibrillation

Armahizer et al [4]

USA

2009

Retrospective

62 ± 15.2

102

501

n/a

Ondansetron, amiodarone, metronidazole and haloperidol

Drug-drug interaction in CCU/CTICU

187

Cunnington et al [5]

2012

Retrospective

76.5

112

n/a

Domperidone, citalopram, amitriptyline, hydroxychloroquine, quetiapine, mirtazapine, quinine, olanzapine

Parkinson’s disease

Hough et al [6]

USA

02/2006 - 06/2006

Randomized prospective

37 (18 - 51)

109

Paliperidone ER

Quetiapine

n/a

Schizophrenia and schizoaffective dis

n/a

Letsas et al [7]

Greece

02/2004 - 10/2006

Retrospective

64.3 ± 14.1

n/a

Amiodarone, sotalol, digoxin, indapamide

Multiple

n/a

Moffett et al [8]

USA

2012 - 2013

Prospective observational

32 ± 5

n/a

Ondansetron

n/a

Nausea, vomiting

Niedrig et al [9]

Switzerland

2012

Retrospective

n/a

Macrolide and quinolone antibiotics (MQABs) with > 1 QT prolonging drugs

n/a

Bacterial infection requiring systemic MQ antibiotics

n/a

Perrin-Terrin et al [10]

France

Retrospective

34 ± 8

n/a

Methadone

n/a

Heroin addiction

n/a

Potkin et al [11]

USA

2001 - 2002

Randomized prospective

n/a

188

113

Iloperidone (8,12,24mg)

Quetiapine

n/a

Schizophrenia and schizoaffective dis

Wieneke et al [12]

Germany

24 weeks

Randomized prospective

29.5

n/a

Levo-α-Acetylmethadol (LAAM)

Methadone

n/a

Opiate addiction

Beyraghi et al [13]

Iran

01/2010 - 06/2010

Cross-sectional

35.3

n/a

Antipsychotics, anticholinergic, antidepressant, lithium, other mood stabilizer

Bipolar, schizo, MDD, others

Koca et al [14]

Turkey

2009 - 2010

Prospective observational

Capecitabine

n/a

Malignancy

Lee et al [15]

USA

n/a

Retrospective

55 ± 19.5

100

n/a

Azithromycin

n/a

DDI = ondansetron (48%), trazodone (22%), and moxifloxacin (17%)

Hospitalized respiratory/gynae infections

Pearson et al [16]

USA

2 years

Retrospective

46 ± 11

n/a

Methadone

n/a

Opiate addiction

Price et al [17]

USA

1969 - 2002

Retrospective

55.9

481

765

1,246

633

613

n/a

Methadone

n/a

Pain management

249

Van der Sijs et al [18]

Netherlands

2010

Retrospective

n/a

Haloperidol, amiodarone, sotalol etc.

Multiple

Azorin et al [19]

Multicenter

2006

Randomized prospective

n/a

186

n/a

Sertindole

Risperidone

n/a

Schizophrenia

Chan et al [20]

Taiwan

Randomized prospective

n/a

Aripiprazole

Risperidone

n/a

Schizophrenia

n/a

Beasley et al [21]

Multicenter

2004 - 2005

Randomized prospective

36 ± 10

294

335

198

Olanzapine

Haloperidol

n/a

Schizophrenia

n/a

Conley et al [22]

Multicenter

Randomized prospective

40 ± 10.8

274

103

377

188

189

n/a

Risperidone

Olanzapine

n/a

Schizophrenia

n/a

Feischhacker et al [23]

Multicenter

Randomized prospective

36.6

399

296

695

350

345

n/a

Aripiprazole

Olanzapine

n/a

Schizophrenia

Kane et al [24]

USA

2000 - 2002

Randomized prospective

38.6 ± 0.5

288

126

414

206

104

106

Aripiprazole

Haloperidol

n/a

Schizophrenia

Kane et al [25]

USA

1997 - 1998

Randomized prospective

35 ± 8.85

n/a

306

152

154

n/a

Ziprasidone

Chlorpromazine

n/a

Schizophrenia

n/a

McEvoy et al [26]

USA

Randomized prospective

40.4 ± 0.5

326

420

312

n/a

108

Aripiprazole

n/a

Schizophrenia

Min et al [27]

South Korea

Randomized prospective

23.5

n/a

Risperidone

Haloperidol

n/a

Schizophrenia

n/a

Peuskens et al [28]

Multicenter

Randomized prospective

38.1

n/a

1,362

1,136

226

n/a

Risperidone

Haloperidol

n/a

Schizophrenia

n/a

Peuskens et al [29]

Multicenter

Randomized prospective

36.5

120

108

228

115

113

n/a

Amisulpride

Risperidone

n/a

Schizophrenia

Potkin et al [30]

Multicenter

1995 - 1996

Randomized prospective

39.1

283

121

404

202

103

Aripiprazole

Risperidone

n/a

Schizophrenia

Sacchetti et al [31]

Multicenter

Randomized prospective

39.95 ± 10.7

101

146

n/a

Ziprasidone

Clozapine

n/a

Schizophrenia

Tran et al [32]

Multicenter

Randomized prospective

36.21 ± 10.73

220

119

339

172

167

n/a

Olanzapine

Risperidone

n/a

Schizophrenia

Vieta et al [33]

Multicenter

Randomized prospective

n/a

127

207

334

175

169

n/a

Aripiprazole

Haloperidol

ddI = ondansetron (48%), trazodone (22%), and moxifloxacin (17%)

Mania

Haixu et al [34]

China

52 weeks

Cross-sectional

66.6 ± 14.4

1,731

2,390

4,121

n/a

Multiple

Acquired long QT syndrome in hospitalized pts

106

Niedrig et al [35]

Switzerland

21 days

Cross-sectional

n/a

243

186

n/a

Citalopram+escitalopram

n/a

Major depression

Van Haelst et al [36]

Netherlands

2007 - 2012

Cross-sectional

70 ± 7

154

243

397

n/a

SSRI’s

n/a

Multiple

Major depression

Manini et al [37]

USA

2012 - 2013

Prospective observational

42.3 ± 0.8

255

217

472

n/a

Methadone, oxycodone, other opiods, benzodiazepines etc.

Acute drug overdose

Kasper et al [38]

Multicenter

12 weeks

Randomized prospective

37.1 ± 10.3

758

536

1,241

810

431

n/a

Aripiprazole

Haloperidol

n/a

Schizophrenia

Total

43.8

6,554

5,966

15,153

974

**Table 2.** Summary of Distribution of Different Types of Arrhythmias Among Qatients With QT Prolonging Drugs
Author	Drug1	Drug2	Poly pills	Total Qtc prolongation	Mean change in QTc	Ventricular tachycardia	PVC/NSVT/ECTOPY	TdP	SCD/cardiac arrest	Death
n/a: not available; PVC: premature ventricular contractions; NSVT: non sustained ventricular tachycardia; TdP: torsade de pointes; SCD: sudden cardiac death.
Agusala et al [3]	Sotalol	Dofetilide	n/a	55	n/a	70	23	0	0	0
Armahizer et al [4]	n/a	n/a	Ondansetron, amiodarone, metronidazole and haloperidol	187	n/a	n/a	n/a	0	n/a	n/a
Cunnington et al [5]	n/a	n/a	Domperidone, citalopram, amitriptyline, hydroxychloroquine, quetiapine, Mirtazapine, quinine, olanzapine	20	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Hough et al [6]	Paliperidone ER	Quetiapine	n/a	n/a	n/a	0	0	0	n/a	0
Letsas et al [7]	n/a	n/a	Amiodarone, sotalol, digoxin, indapamide	n/a	n/a	0	0	6	5	0
Moffett et al [8]	Ondansetron	n/a	n/a	20	n/a	0	0	0	0	0
Niedrig et al [9]	Macrolide and quinolone antibiotics (MQABs) with > 1 QT prolonging drugs	n/a	Y	n/a	n/a	0	0	0	n/a	0
Perrin-Terrin et al [10]	Methadone	n/a	n/a	n/a	66.0 ± 41.1	0	0	0	0	0
Potkin et al [11]	Iloperidone (8,12,24mg)	Quetiapine	n/a	10	16.97 ± 14.13	0	SVT = 1	0	0	0
Wieneke et al [12]	Levo-α-Acetylmethadol (LAAM)	Methadone	n/a	7	40 ± 13	0	0	0	n/a	0
Beyraghi et al [13]	n/a	n/a	Antipsychotics, anticholinergic, antidepressant, lithium, other mood stabilizer	22	n/a	0	0	0	0	0
Koca et al [14]	Capecitabine	n/a		10	n/a	n/a	2	n/a	n/a	n/a
Lee et al [15]	Azithromycin	n/a	DDI = ondansetron (48%), trazodone (22%), and moxifloxacin (17%)	29	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	4
Pearson et al [16]	Methadone	n/a	n/a	16	n/a	n/a	n/a	43	n/a	5
Price et al [17]	Methadone	n/a	n/a	249	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	42
Van der Sijs et al [18]	n/a	n/a	Haloperidol, amiodarone, sotalol etc.	25	59.76 ± 47.157	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Azorin et al [19]	Sertindole	Risperidone	n/a	26	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Chan et al [20]	Aripiprazole	Risperidone	n/a	n/a	(-1 ± 39, 8 ± 34)	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Beasley et al [21]	Olanzapine	Haloperidol	n/a	n/a	(-0.62 ± 24.57, 0.97 ± 26.07, -4.71 ± 18.75)	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Conley et al [22]	Risperidone	Olanzapine	n/a	n/a	(-1.3 ± 25.7, 1.2 ± 20.2)	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Feischhacker et al [23]	Aripiprazole	Olanzapine	n/a	12	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Kane et al [24]	Aripiprazole	Haloperidol	n/a	4	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Kane et al [25]	Ziprasidone	chlorpromazine	n/a	n/a	12(7.5)	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
McEvoy et al [26]	Aripiprazole	n/a	n/a	3	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Min et al [27]	Risperidone	Haloperidol	n/a	n/a	15.0 ± 22.2, 0.9 ± 33.0	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Peuskens et al [28]	Risperidone	Haloperidol	n/a	n/a	-1.71 ± 24.88, -4.1 ± 24	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Peuskens et al [29]	Amisulpride	Risperidone	n/a	4	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Potkin et al [30]	Aripiprazole	Risperidone	n/a	3	-0.69 ± 22, 6.31 ± 29, -2.18 ± 21	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Sacchetti et al [31]	Ziprasidone	Clozapine	n/a	13	6 ± 43.3,-3.6 ± 39.3	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Tran et al [32]	Olanzapine	Risperidone	n/a	23	-4.9 ± 44.9, 4.4 ± 35.1	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Vieta et al [33]	Aripiprazole	Haloperidol	ddI = ondansetron (48%), trazodone (22%), and moxifloxacin (17%)	9	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Haixu et al [34]	n/a	n/a	Multiple	106	n/a	309	n/a	n/a	n/a	535
Niedrig et al [35]	Citalopram + escitalopram	n/a	n/a	15	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Van Haelst et al [36]	SSRIs	n/a	Multiple	44	2.83	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Manini et al [37]	n/a	n/a	Methadone, oxycodone, other opiods, benzodiazepines etc.	60	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Kasper et al [38]	Aripiprazole	Haloperidol	n/a	2	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Total				974		379	26	49	5	586

Table 2. Summary of Distribution of Different Types of Arrhythmias Among Qatients With QT Prolonging Drugs

Author

Drug1

Drug2

Poly pills

Total Qtc prolongation

Mean change in QTc

Ventricular tachycardia

PVC/NSVT/ECTOPY

TdP

SCD/cardiac arrest

Death

n/a: not available; PVC: premature ventricular contractions; NSVT: non sustained ventricular tachycardia; TdP: torsade de pointes; SCD: sudden cardiac death.

Agusala et al [3]

Sotalol

Dofetilide

n/a

Armahizer et al [4]

n/a

Ondansetron, amiodarone, metronidazole and haloperidol

187

n/a

Cunnington et al [5]

n/a

Domperidone, citalopram, amitriptyline, hydroxychloroquine, quetiapine, Mirtazapine, quinine, olanzapine

n/a

Hough et al [6]

Paliperidone ER

Quetiapine

n/a

Letsas et al [7]

n/a

Amiodarone, sotalol, digoxin, indapamide

n/a

Moffett et al [8]

Ondansetron

n/a

Niedrig et al [9]

Macrolide and quinolone antibiotics (MQABs) with > 1 QT prolonging drugs

n/a

Perrin-Terrin et al [10]

Methadone

n/a

66.0 ± 41.1

Potkin et al [11]

Iloperidone (8,12,24mg)

Quetiapine

n/a

16.97 ± 14.13

SVT = 1

Wieneke et al [12]

Levo-α-Acetylmethadol (LAAM)

Methadone

n/a

40 ± 13

n/a

Beyraghi et al [13]

n/a

Antipsychotics, anticholinergic, antidepressant, lithium, other mood stabilizer

n/a

Koca et al [14]

Capecitabine

n/a

Lee et al [15]

Azithromycin

n/a

DDI = ondansetron (48%), trazodone (22%), and moxifloxacin (17%)

n/a

Pearson et al [16]

Methadone

n/a

Price et al [17]

Methadone

n/a

249

n/a

Van der Sijs et al [18]

n/a

Haloperidol, amiodarone, sotalol etc.

59.76 ± 47.157

n/a

Azorin et al [19]

Sertindole

Risperidone

n/a

Chan et al [20]

Aripiprazole

Risperidone

n/a

(-1 ± 39, 8 ± 34)

n/a

Beasley et al [21]

Olanzapine

Haloperidol

n/a

(-0.62 ± 24.57, 0.97 ± 26.07, -4.71 ± 18.75)

n/a

Conley et al [22]

Risperidone

Olanzapine

n/a

(-1.3 ± 25.7, 1.2 ± 20.2)

n/a

Feischhacker et al [23]

Aripiprazole

Olanzapine

n/a

Kane et al [24]

Aripiprazole

Haloperidol

n/a

Kane et al [25]

Ziprasidone

chlorpromazine

n/a

12(7.5)

n/a

McEvoy et al [26]

Aripiprazole

n/a

Min et al [27]

Risperidone

Haloperidol

n/a

15.0 ± 22.2, 0.9 ± 33.0

n/a

Peuskens et al [28]

Risperidone

Haloperidol

n/a

-1.71 ± 24.88, -4.1 ± 24

n/a

Peuskens et al [29]

Amisulpride

Risperidone

n/a

Potkin et al [30]

Aripiprazole

Risperidone

n/a

-0.69 ± 22, 6.31 ± 29, -2.18 ± 21

n/a

Sacchetti et al [31]

Ziprasidone

Clozapine

n/a

6 ± 43.3,-3.6 ± 39.3

n/a

Tran et al [32]

Olanzapine

Risperidone

n/a

-4.9 ± 44.9, 4.4 ± 35.1

n/a

Vieta et al [33]

Aripiprazole

Haloperidol

ddI = ondansetron (48%), trazodone (22%), and moxifloxacin (17%)

n/a

Haixu et al [34]

n/a

Multiple

106

n/a

309

n/a

535

Niedrig et al [35]

Citalopram + escitalopram

n/a

Van Haelst et al [36]

SSRIs

n/a

Multiple

2.83

n/a

Manini et al [37]

n/a

Methadone, oxycodone, other opiods, benzodiazepines etc.

n/a

Kasper et al [38]

Aripiprazole

Haloperidol

n/a

Total

974

379

586