J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 10, Number 2, February 2018, pages 146-153

Different Effects of Oral Contraceptive and Dydrogesterone Treatment on Oxidative Stress Levels in Premenopausal Women

Figure 1. Changes of d-ROMs 3 and 15 months after the treatment. OC: oral contraceptive; DG: dydrogesterone; OC-DG: initial OC treatment was switched to DG treatment. Data are presented as means ± standard deviations. P: OC (3 M) versus DG only groups 0 and 3 months after the treatment; P¹: OC versus DG; P²: OC-DG versus DG only groups 3 and 15 months after the treatment by two-way repeated measure ANOVA.

Figure 2. Changes of high-sensitivity CRP 3 and 15 months after the treatment. OC: oral contraceptive, DG: dydrogesterone, OC-DG: initial OC treatment was switched to DG treatment. Data are presented as medians (interquartile ranges). P: OC (3 M) versus DG groups 0 and 3 months after the treatment; P¹: OC versus DG; P²: OC-DG versus DG only groups 3 and 15 months after the treatment by two-way repeated measure ANOVA.

**Table 1.** Clinical Background of Study Subjects
Parameter	OC group (N = 17)	DG group (N = 10)	P
OC: oral contraceptive; DG: dydrogesterone; WBC: white blood count; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; ROMs: reactive oxygen metabolites; BAP: biological antioxidant potential. Data are presented as means ± standard deviations, medians (interquartile ranges) or subject numbers (%). P < 0.05 (significance level): comparison between the OC and DG groups by an unpaired t-test or Fisher’s exact test.
Age, years	37.5 ± 9.8	41.4 ± 6.1	0.27
Current smokers, n (%)	2 (12%)	1 (10%)	0.99
Body mass index, kg/m²	20.7 ± 2.5	20.4 ± 2.2	0.73
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg	115 ± 18	109 ± 10	0.31
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg	73 ± 13	70 ± 9	0.55
Hemoglobin, g/dL	12.9 ± 1.0	11.7 ± 1.8	0.05
WBC, /µL	5,688 ± 1,319	5,140 ± 1,088	0.28
Platelet, × 10⁴/µL	26.1 ± 5.0	29.0 ± 6.6	0.20
Hemoglobin A1c, %	4.8 ± 0.2	4.9 ± 0.3	0.31
LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL	100 ± 31	98 ± 26	0.87
HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL	75 ± 20	73 ± 10	0.75
Triglyceride, mg/dL	98 (46 - 159)	77 (55 - 102)	0.57
Fibrinogen, mg/dL	275 ± 78	237 ± 27	0.15
High-sensitivity CRP, mg/dL	0.02 (0.01 - 0.05)	0.01 (0.01 - 0.02)	0.19
d-ROMs, Carr U	321 ± 61	356 ± 70	0.19
BAP, µM	2,033 ± 179	1,953 ± 191	0.28

Table 1. Clinical Background of Study Subjects

Parameter

OC group (N = 17)

DG group (N = 10)

OC: oral contraceptive; DG: dydrogesterone; WBC: white blood count; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; ROMs: reactive oxygen metabolites; BAP: biological antioxidant potential. Data are presented as means ± standard deviations, medians (interquartile ranges) or subject numbers (%). P < 0.05 (significance level): comparison between the OC and DG groups by an unpaired t-test or Fisher’s exact test.

Age, years

37.5 ± 9.8

41.4 ± 6.1

0.27

Current smokers, n (%)

2 (12%)

1 (10%)

0.99

Body mass index, kg/m²

20.7 ± 2.5

20.4 ± 2.2

0.73

Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg

115 ± 18

109 ± 10

0.31

Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg

73 ± 13

70 ± 9

0.55

Hemoglobin, g/dL

12.9 ± 1.0

11.7 ± 1.8

0.05

WBC, /µL

5,688 ± 1,319

5,140 ± 1,088

0.28

Platelet, × 10⁴/µL

26.1 ± 5.0

29.0 ± 6.6

0.20

Hemoglobin A1c, %

4.8 ± 0.2

4.9 ± 0.3

0.31

LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL

100 ± 31

98 ± 26

0.87

HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL

75 ± 20

73 ± 10

0.75

Triglyceride, mg/dL

98 (46 - 159)

77 (55 - 102)

0.57

Fibrinogen, mg/dL

275 ± 78

237 ± 27

0.15

High-sensitivity CRP, mg/dL

0.02 (0.01 - 0.05)

0.01 (0.01 - 0.02)

0.19

d-ROMs, Carr U

321 ± 61

356 ± 70

0.19

BAP, µM

2,033 ± 179

1,953 ± 191

0.28

**Table 2.** Changes in Data From Baseline to 3 Months After Initial Treatment
Parameter	Baseline	3 months	P
OC: oral contraceptive; DG: dydrogesterone; WBC: white blood coun; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; ROMs: reactive oxygen metabolites; BAP: biological antioxidant potential. Data are presented as means ± standard deviations or medians (interquartile ranges). P < 0.05, *P < 0.01: comparison between the OC and DG groups by two-way repeated measure ANOVA.
d-ROMs, Carr U			< 0.01**
OC group (N = 17)	321 ± 61	512 ± 79
DG group (N = 10)	356 ± 70	339 ± 31
BAP, µM			0.21
OC group (N = 17)	2,033 ± 179	2,029 ± 161
DG group (N = 10)	1,953 ± 191	1,970 ± 117
High-sensitivity CRP, mg/dL			0.01*
OC group (N = 17)	0.02 (0.01 - 0.05)	0.10 (0.03 - 0.22)
DG group (N = 10)	0.01 (0.01 - 0.02)	0.01 (0.01 - 0.02)
WBC, /µL			0.28
OC group (N = 17)	5,688 ± 1,319	5,994 ± 1,134
DG group (N = 10)	5,140 ± 1,088	5,550 ± 1,527
Platelet, × 10⁴/µL			0.40
OC group (N = 17)	26.1 ± 5.0	28.4 ± 7.1
DG group (N = 10)	29.0 ± 6.6	29.4 ± 5.5
Fibrinogen, mg/dL			0.06
OC group (N = 17)	275 ± 78	278 ± 68
DG group (N = 10)	237 ± 27	234 ± 28
LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL			0.75
OC group (N = 17)	100 ± 31	108 ± 31
DG group (N = 10)	98 ± 26	103 ± 24

Table 2. Changes in Data From Baseline to 3 Months After Initial Treatment

Parameter

Baseline

3 months

OC: oral contraceptive; DG: dydrogesterone; WBC: white blood coun; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; ROMs: reactive oxygen metabolites; BAP: biological antioxidant potential. Data are presented as means ± standard deviations or medians (interquartile ranges). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01: comparison between the OC and DG groups by two-way repeated measure ANOVA.

d-ROMs, Carr U

< 0.01**

OC group (N = 17)

321 ± 61

512 ± 79

DG group (N = 10)

356 ± 70

339 ± 31

BAP, µM

0.21

OC group (N = 17)

2,033 ± 179

2,029 ± 161

DG group (N = 10)

1,953 ± 191

1,970 ± 117

High-sensitivity CRP, mg/dL

0.01*

OC group (N = 17)

0.02 (0.01 - 0.05)

0.10 (0.03 - 0.22)

DG group (N = 10)

0.01 (0.01 - 0.02)

WBC, /µL

0.28

OC group (N = 17)

5,688 ± 1,319

5,994 ± 1,134

DG group (N = 10)

5,140 ± 1,088

5,550 ± 1,527

Platelet, × 10⁴/µL

0.40

OC group (N = 17)

26.1 ± 5.0

28.4 ± 7.1

DG group (N = 10)

29.0 ± 6.6

29.4 ± 5.5

Fibrinogen, mg/dL

0.06

OC group (N = 17)

275 ± 78

278 ± 68

DG group (N = 10)

237 ± 27

234 ± 28

LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL

0.75

OC group (N = 17)

100 ± 31

108 ± 31

DG group (N = 10)

98 ± 26

103 ± 24

**Table 3.** Changes of Data From 3 to 15 Months After Initial Treatment
Parameter	3 months	15 months	P¹	P²	P³
OC: oral contraceptive; DG: dydrogesterone; WBC: white blood count; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; ROMs: reactive oxygen metabolites; BAP: biological antioxidant potential. Data are presented as means ± standard deviations or medians (interquartile ranges). P < 0.05, *P < 0.01: comparison by two-way repeated measure ANOVA. P¹: between the continuous and discontinuous OC groups; P²: between the continuous OC and DG groups; P³: between the discontinuous OC and DG groups.
d-ROMs, Carr U			0.04*	< 0.01**	< 0.01**
Continuous OC group (N = 10)	515 ± 26	497 ± 26
Discontinuous OC group (N = 7)	508 ± 31	372 ± 32
DG group (N = 10)	339 ± 31	341 ± 63
BAP, µM			0.63	0.20	0.06
Continuous OC group (N = 10)	2,026 ± 53	1,964 ± 63
Discontinuous OC group (N = 7)	2,034 ± 63	2,035 ± 75
DG group (N = 10)	1,970 ± 117	1,865 ± 104
High-sensitivity CRP, mg/dL			0.58	0.01*	< 0.01**
Continuous OC group (N = 10)	0.05 (0.02 - 0.20)	0.07 (0.03 - 0.11)
Discontinuous OC group (N = 7)	0.15 (0.07 - 0.27)	0.03 (0.02 - 0.08)
DG group (N = 10)	0.01 (0.01 - 0.02)	0.01 (0.01 - 0.02)
WBC, /µL			0.81	0.33	0.50
Continuous OC group (N = 10)	6,010 ± 370	5,970 ± 383
Discontinuous OC group (N = 7)	5,971 ± 443	5,771 ± 457
DG group (N = 10)	5,550 ± 1,527	5,330 ± 1,667
Platelet, × 10⁴/µL			0.47	0.97	0.44
Continuous OC group (N = 10)	29.4 ± 2.3	27.8 ± 1.3
Discontinuous OC group (N = 7)	27.0 ± 2.7	26.3 ± 1.6
DG group (N = 10)	29.4 ± 5.5	27.6 ± 4.8
Fibrinogen, mg/dL			0.53	0.34	0.09
Continuous OC group (N = 10)	256 ± 22	250 ± 20
Discontinuous OC group (N = 7)	312 ± 31	238 ± 28
DG group (N = 10)	234 ± 28	232 ± 32
LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL			0.95	0.66	0.67
Continuous OC group (N = 10)	107 ± 10	104 ± 9
Discontinuous OC group (N = 7)	110 ± 12	103 ± 11
DG group (N = 10)	103 ± 24	99 ± 17

Table 3. Changes of Data From 3 to 15 Months After Initial Treatment

Parameter

3 months

15 months

P¹

P²

P³

OC: oral contraceptive; DG: dydrogesterone; WBC: white blood count; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; ROMs: reactive oxygen metabolites; BAP: biological antioxidant potential. Data are presented as means ± standard deviations or medians (interquartile ranges). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01: comparison by two-way repeated measure ANOVA. P¹: between the continuous and discontinuous OC groups; P²: between the continuous OC and DG groups; P³: between the discontinuous OC and DG groups.

d-ROMs, Carr U

0.04*

< 0.01**

Continuous OC group (N = 10)

515 ± 26

497 ± 26

Discontinuous OC group (N = 7)

508 ± 31

372 ± 32

DG group (N = 10)

339 ± 31

341 ± 63

BAP, µM

0.63

0.20

0.06

Continuous OC group (N = 10)

2,026 ± 53

1,964 ± 63

Discontinuous OC group (N = 7)

2,034 ± 63

2,035 ± 75

DG group (N = 10)

1,970 ± 117

1,865 ± 104

High-sensitivity CRP, mg/dL

0.58

0.01*

< 0.01**

Continuous OC group (N = 10)

0.05 (0.02 - 0.20)

0.07 (0.03 - 0.11)

Discontinuous OC group (N = 7)

0.15 (0.07 - 0.27)

0.03 (0.02 - 0.08)

DG group (N = 10)

0.01 (0.01 - 0.02)

WBC, /µL

0.81

0.33

0.50

Continuous OC group (N = 10)

6,010 ± 370

5,970 ± 383

Discontinuous OC group (N = 7)

5,971 ± 443

5,771 ± 457

DG group (N = 10)

5,550 ± 1,527

5,330 ± 1,667

Platelet, × 10⁴/µL

0.47

0.97

0.44

Continuous OC group (N = 10)

29.4 ± 2.3

27.8 ± 1.3

Discontinuous OC group (N = 7)

27.0 ± 2.7

26.3 ± 1.6

DG group (N = 10)

29.4 ± 5.5

27.6 ± 4.8

Fibrinogen, mg/dL

0.53

0.34

0.09

Continuous OC group (N = 10)

256 ± 22

250 ± 20

Discontinuous OC group (N = 7)

312 ± 31

238 ± 28

DG group (N = 10)

234 ± 28

232 ± 32

LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL

0.95

0.66

0.67

Continuous OC group (N = 10)

107 ± 10

104 ± 9

Discontinuous OC group (N = 7)

110 ± 12

103 ± 11

DG group (N = 10)

103 ± 24

99 ± 17