J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 10, Number 3, March 2018, pages 182-188

A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Mini Low-Carbohydrate Diet and an Energy-Controlled Diet Among Japanese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Figure 1. Study design. Mini-LCD: mini low-carbohydrate diet; ECD: energy-controlled diet; Tx: therapy; OHA: oral hypoglycemic agent.

Figure 2. The flow of patient selection in this study. Mini-LCD: mini low-carbohydrate diet; ECD: energy-controlled diet; ITT: intention to treat.

Figure 3. Change in HbA1c (%). Mini-LCD: mini low-carbohydrate diet; ECD: energy-controlled diet; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin.

**Table 1.** Baseline Characteristics Before and After Propensity Score Matching
	Before propensity score matching	After propensity score matching
Data are expressed as means ± standard error or median values (interquartile ranges); P values between two groups were determined using the t-test. One-to-one nearest-neighbor matching with replacement based on propensity score was performed. To test the approach and maximize the number of matching, the process was repeated without a replacement option, using calipers and logit of the propensity score. Calipers of width equal to 0.25 of the standard deviation of the logit score. BMI: body mass index; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein.
Number	25	23		12	12
Men/women (n)	8/17	8/15	0.92	2/10	4/8	0.35
Age (years)	64.4 ± 2.3	65.2 ± 2.2	0.82	64.4 ± 3.2	66.0 ± 3.2	0.73
Diabetes duration (years)	11.2 ± 1.90	13.3 ± 2.0	0.46	12.2 ± 3.2	8.5 ± 3.2	0.42
Body weight (kg)	67.1 ± 2.4	58.2 ± 2.5	0.01	59.2 ± 3.0	60.7 ± 3.0	0.73
BMI (kg/m²)	26.6 ± 4.3	22.9 ± 3.5	0.01	24.4 ± 1.1	23.8 ± 1.1	0.71
Waist circumference (cm)	88.2 ± 1.7	81.0 ± 1.8	0.01	84.3 ± 2.7	84.2 ± 2.7	0.99
HbA1c (%)	7.0 ± 0.1	7.0 ± 0.1	0.96	7.0 ± 0.2	7.0 ± 0.2	0.88
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	60.2 ± 3.3	60.9 ± 3.4	0.88	65.3 ± 6.0	62.3 ± 6.0	0.72
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	113.2 ± 5.4	115.7 ± 5.6	0.75	107.0 ± 6.7	131.0 ± 6.7	0.018
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	158 (122 - 194)	121 (89 - 164)	0.22	173 (110 - 236)	114 (52 - 177)	0.19
Basal energy expenditure (kcal/day)	1,338.7 ± 42.1	1,278.1 ± 44.9	0.34	1,228.0 ± 52.6	1,320.7 ± 52.6	0.23
Fat mass (%)	32.3 ± 1.7	28.7 ± 1.8	0.10	32.2 ± 2.6	29.4 ± 2.6	0.47
Diet treatment only/diet treatment plus oral hypoglycemic agents	10/15	10/13	0.68	7/5	5/7	0.70
DTSQ total score	24.1 ± 2.2	25.5 ± 2.4	0.67	26.3 ± 3.4	22.8 ± 3.7	0.49

Table 1. Baseline Characteristics Before and After Propensity Score Matching

Before propensity score matching

After propensity score matching

Mini low-carbohydrate diet group

Energy-controlled diet group

P value

Mini low-carbohydrate diet group

Energy-controlled diet group

P value

Data are expressed as means ± standard error or median values (interquartile ranges); P values between two groups were determined using the t-test. One-to-one nearest-neighbor matching with replacement based on propensity score was performed. To test the approach and maximize the number of matching, the process was repeated without a replacement option, using calipers and logit of the propensity score. Calipers of width equal to 0.25 of the standard deviation of the logit score. BMI: body mass index; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein.

Number

Men/women (n)

8/17

8/15

0.92

2/10

4/8

0.35

Age (years)

64.4 ± 2.3

65.2 ± 2.2

0.82

64.4 ± 3.2

66.0 ± 3.2

0.73

Diabetes duration (years)

11.2 ± 1.90

13.3 ± 2.0

0.46

12.2 ± 3.2

8.5 ± 3.2

0.42

Body weight (kg)

67.1 ± 2.4

58.2 ± 2.5

0.01

59.2 ± 3.0

60.7 ± 3.0

0.73

BMI (kg/m²)

26.6 ± 4.3

22.9 ± 3.5

0.01

24.4 ± 1.1

23.8 ± 1.1

0.71

Waist circumference (cm)

88.2 ± 1.7

81.0 ± 1.8

0.01

84.3 ± 2.7

84.2 ± 2.7

0.99

HbA1c (%)

7.0 ± 0.1

0.96

7.0 ± 0.2

0.88

HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

60.2 ± 3.3

60.9 ± 3.4

0.88

65.3 ± 6.0

62.3 ± 6.0

0.72

LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

113.2 ± 5.4

115.7 ± 5.6

0.75

107.0 ± 6.7

131.0 ± 6.7

0.018

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

158 (122 - 194)

121 (89 - 164)

0.22

173 (110 - 236)

114 (52 - 177)

0.19

Basal energy expenditure (kcal/day)

1,338.7 ± 42.1

1,278.1 ± 44.9

0.34

1,228.0 ± 52.6

1,320.7 ± 52.6

0.23

Fat mass (%)

32.3 ± 1.7

28.7 ± 1.8

0.10

32.2 ± 2.6

29.4 ± 2.6

0.47

Diet treatment only/diet treatment plus oral hypoglycemic agents

10/15

10/13

0.68

7/5

5/7

0.70

DTSQ total score

24.1 ± 2.2

25.5 ± 2.4

0.67

26.3 ± 3.4

22.8 ± 3.7

0.49

**Table 2.** Treatment Time Course Before and After Propensity Score Matching
	Before propensity score matching	After propensity score matching
Data are expressed as means ± standard error. P values between two groups were determined using the t-test. Chi-squared test was used for categorical variables, and Mann-Whitney U test for continuous non-normally distributed variables. Multiple imputations were used to adjust for age, sex, body weight, HbA1c, basal energy expenditure, waist circumference, and height. The percentages of nutrient energy per daily energy intake are also shown before and after propensity score matching. Mini-LCD: mini low-carbohydrate diet; ECD: energy-restricted diet; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; 1,5-AG: 1,5-anhydroglucitol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; DTSQ: Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire; Q2: question 2; Q3: question 3.
HbA1c (%)	Mini-LCD	7.0 ± 0.1	6.8 ± 0.1	6.8 ± 0.1	6.7 ± 0.1	-0.2 ± 0.07	0.60	7.03 ± 0.16	6.97 ± 0.16	6.91 ± 0.14	6.85 ± 0.15	-0.2 ± 0.1	0.95
	ECD	7.0 ± 0.1	6.9 ± 0.1	6.8 ± 0.1	6.8 ± 0.1	-0.2 ± 0.07		7.00 ± 0.16	6.92 ± 0.16	6.85 ± 0.14	6.81 ± 0.15	-0.2 ± 0.09
Glycated albumin (%)	Mini-LCD	17.7 ± 0.4			17.6 ± 0.4	-0.1 ± 0.3	0.37	17.9 ± 0.4			18.3 ± 0.5	0.5 ± 0.4	0.32
	ECD	18.5 ± 0.4			18.3 ± 0.4	-0.2 ± 0.3		18.7 ± 0.4			18.6 ± 0.5	-0.1 ± 0.4
1,5 AG	Mini-LCD	10.4 ± 1.4			10.8 ± 1.5	0.3 ± 0.5	0.30	8.2 ± 1.8			7.9 ± 1.8	-0.4 ± 0.7	0.20
	ECD	9.9 ± 1.5			10.9 ± 1.6	1.0 ± 0.5		9.8 ± 1.8			10.7 ± 1.8	0.9 ± 0.7
Body weight (kg)	Mini-LCD	67.1 ± 2.4	66.3 ± 2.5	65.8 ± 2.4	66.0 ± 2.4	-1.1 ± 0.3	0.04	59.2 ± 3.0	58.3 ± 3.0	58.7 ± 3.0	58.7 ± 3.1	-0.5 ± 0.4	0.99
	ECD	58.2 ± 2.5	58.0 ± 2.6	57.9 ± 2.5	58.0 ± 2.50	-0.3 ± 0.3		60.7 ± 2.8	60.2 ± 3.0	60.2 ± 3.0	60.1 ± 3.1	-0.5 ± 0.4
Energy intake (kcal/day)	Mini-LCD	1,548.4 ± 79.2	1,556.2 ± 69.7	1,513.8 ± 101.3	1,558.5 ± 84.1	-18.7 ± 91.7	0.42	1,555.1 ± 90.8	1,601.2 ± 85.4	1,404.8 ± 72.0	1,520.3 ± 87.2	-21.1 ± 95.1	0.29
	ECD	1,661.3 ± 77.1	1,647.1 ± 66.0	1,725.6 ± 96.0	1,538.8 ± 79.5	-122.5 ± 86.7		1,631.0 ± 91.0	1,566.6 ± 85.4	1,546.3 ± 72.0	1,468.0 ± 87.2	-182.4 ± 105.1
Carbohydrate intake (g/day)	Mini-LCD	200.2 ± 13.4 (51.1± 2.0%)	208.4 ± 10.0 (53.5± 1.9%)	190.9 ± 13.1 (50.8± 1.5%)	194.9 ± 11.2 (50.3± 1.3%)	-9.4 ± 15.4	0.62	197.8 ± 17.6 (53.1± 2.0%)	202.1 ± 14.1 (48.8± 2.5%)	184.1 ± 39.5 (51.1± 1.5%)	185.7 ± 11.8 (51.0±2.9%)	-9.1 ± 19.3	0.59
	ECD	232.8 ± 13.0 (56.1± 2.0%)	227.7 ± 9.5 (56.0± 1.9%)	247.2 ± 12.5 (57.7± 1.5%)	212.8 ± 10.5 (55.5± 1.2%)	-20.0 ± 14.6		226.3 ± 18.0 (57.2± 2.0%)	212.4 ± 14.1 (56.0± 2.5%)	216.9 ± 38.2 (53.7± 1.5%)	201.1 ± 11.8 (55.9±20.9%)	-24.0 ± 21.3
Protein intake (g/day)	Mini-LCD	68.4 ± 3.7 (18.1± 0.7%)	67.8 ± 5.0 (17.4± 0.9%)	66.2 ± 3.8 (17.8± 0.7%)	66.2 ± 3.8 (18.4± 0.6%)	1.5 ± 4.1	0.16	66.7 ± 4.1 (17.5± 1.3%)	70.1 ± 5.2 (18.0± 1.2%)	66.5 ± 3.6 (18.5± 0.9%)	71.5 ± 4.4 (20.6±1.5%)	5.2 ± 3.9	0.0085
	ECD	68.3 ± 3.6 (16.4± 0.7%)	66.7 ± 4.7 (16.1± 0.9%)	63.1 ± 3.6 (14.7± 0.7%)	63.1 ± 3.6 (16.1± 0.6%)	-6.5 ± 3.9		67.5 ± 4.1 (17.0± 1.3%)	64.3 ± 5.2 (16.3± 1.2%)	67.9 ± 3.6 (16.0± 0.9%)	58.3 ± 4.4 (17.3±1.5%)	-10.1 ± 4.3
Fat intake (g/day)	Mini-LCD	47.4 ± 3.5 (27.8± 1.4%)	49.9 ± 4.0 (29.1± 1.6%)	52.7 ± 5.2 (30.8± 1.9%)	52.3 ± 3.7 (30.1± 1.2%)	4.4 ± 3.8	0.34	46.7 ± 3.7 (25.4± 2.0%)	55.2 ± 4.3 (31.7± 1.9%)	45.5 ± 3.9 (28.2± 1.5%)	53.9 ± 4.2 (26.2± 2.6%)	6.4 ± 4.5	0.27
	ECD	47.6 ± 3.4 (25.8± 1.4%)	49.4 ± 3.8 (26.8± 1.5%)	50.9 ± 4.9 (26.3± 1.5%)	47.0 ± 3.5 (27.4± 1.2%)	-0.6 ± 3.6		45.8 ± 3.7 (23.9± 2.0%)	50.3 ± 4.3 (26.5±1.9%)	46.6 ± 3.9 (29.0±1.5%)	43.2 ± 4.7 (25.3±2.6%)	-2.4 ± 5.0
LDL-C (mg/dL)	Mini-LCD	113.2 ± 5.4	116.1 ± 6.9	116.8 ± 0.1	110.0 ± 6.2	-3.2 ± 5.3	0.98	107.0 ± 6.6	116.2 ± 11.0	117.8 ± 11.1	104.0 ± 9.8	-2.9 ± 9.8	0.83
	ECD	115.7 ± 5.6	110.9 ± 7.0	116.8 ± 0.1	112.3 ± 6.5	-3.4 ± 5.5		131.0 ± 6.7	125.2 ± 11.0	126.2 ± 11.0	125.1 ± 10.0	-5.9 ± 9.8
HDL-C (mg/dL)	Mini-LCD	60.2 ± 3.3	60.1 ± 3.1	61.2 ± 2.9	59.5 ± 4.3	-0.72 ± 2.3	0.37	65.3 ± 6.0	64.9 ± 14.3	64.4 ± 5.1	63.5 ± 8.3	-1.8 ± 4.5	0.28
	ECD	60.9 ± 3.4	60.5 ± 3.2	58.6 ± 3.0	63.2 ± 4.5	2.3 ± 2.4		62.3 ± 6.0	80.3 ± 14.2	58.1 ± 5.1	67.5 ± 8.3	5.2 ± 4.5
TG (mg/dL)	Mini-LCD	158 (122 - 194)	141 (118 - 165)	128 (97 - 160)	143 (16 - 112)	-14.9 ± 16.1	0.36	173 (110 - 236)	135 (95 - 175)	152 (77 - 227)	168 (95 - 240)	-5.4 ± 20.6	0.42
	ECD	121 (89 - 164)	119 (93 - 145)	137 (105 - 168)	133 (16 - 100)	6.5 ± 16.8		114 (52 - 177)	119 (79 - 158)	152 (77 - 227)	133 (660 - 206)	18.4 ± 20.6
Ketones (µmol/L)	Mini-LCD	71.4 ± 9.7			101.7 ± 23.7	29.5 ± 24.6	0.82	89.1 ± 15.3			85.6 ± 27.3	-3.5 ± 32.1	0.60
	ECD	62.8 ± 10.4			82.3 ± 26.0	20.8 ± 27.6		66.8 ± 15.3			87.1 ± 27.3	20.3 ± 32.1
DTSQ total	Mini-LCD	24.1 ± 2.2			29.7 ± 0.9	5.6 ± 2.2	0.79	26.3 ± 3.4			30.8 ± 1.1	8.4 ± 2.9	0.53
	ECD	25.5± 2.4			30.0 ± 0.9	4.7 ± 2.4		22.8 ± 3.7			30.5 ± 1.2	11.3 ± 3.2
DTSQ Q2	Mini-LCD	2.1 ± 0.3			2.7 ± 0.3	-0.2 ± 0.4	0.41	2.7 ± 0.6			2.4 ± 4.3	-0.3 ± 0.5	0.34
	ECD	1.7 ± 0.3			1.7 ± 0.3	-0.7 ± 0.4		2.2 ± 0.7			1.8 ± 4.5	-0.4 ± 0.6
DTSQ Q3	Mini-LCD	1.3 ± 0.2			1.7 ± 0.2	0.4 ± 0.4	0.21	1.0 ± 0.2			1.3± 0.1	0.3 ± 0.3	0.36
	ECD	1.4 ± 0.2			1.2 ± 0.3	-0.3 ± 0.4		1.2 ± 0.2			1.2 ± 0.14	-0.1 ± 0.3
Waist circumference (cm)	Mini-LCD	88.2 ± 1.7			87.8 ± 1.7	-0.7 ± 1.2	0.35	84.3 ± 2.7			84.2 ± 3.7	-0.08±2.7	0.60
	ECD	81.0 ± 1.8			78.9 ± 1.8	-2.3 ± 1.2		84.2 ± 2.7			82.1 ± 3.7	-2.1 ± 2.7
Basal energy expenditure (kcal/day)	Mini-LCD	1,338.7 ± 43.1			1,342.6 ± 41.8	0.9 ± 3.2	0.23	1,228.0 ± 52.6			1,234.1 ± 52.8	6.1 ± 4.7	0.57
	ECD	1,278.1 ± 44.9			1,261.9 ± 44.7	6.8 ± 3.5		1,320.7 ± 52.6			1,323.0 ± 52.8	2.3 ± 4.7
Fat mass (%)	Mini-LCD	32.3 ± 1.7			31.0 ± 1.7	-1.2 ± 0.5	0.50	32.2 ± 2.6			31.0 ± 2.53	-1.2 ± 0.6	0.44
	ECD	28.7 ± 1.8			25.9 ± 1.8	-1.7 ± 0.6		29.4 ± 2.6			28.9 ± 2.5	-0.6 ± 0.6
Muscle mass (kg)	Mini-LCD	24.4 ± 1.2			24.2 ± 1.4	-0.01 ± 0.1	0.59	21.3 ± 1.5			21.6 ± 1.5	0.28 ± 0.10	0.086
	ECD	22.8 ± 1.3			22.3 ± 1.3	-0.3 ± 0.1		23.9 ± 1.5			24.0 ± 1.5	0.03 ± 0.10

Table 2. Treatment Time Course Before and After Propensity Score Matching

Before propensity score matching

After propensity score matching

Baseline

4 weeks

8 weeks

12 weeks

Change from the baseline

P value

Baseline

4 weeks

8 weeks

12 weeks

Change from the baseline

P value

Data are expressed as means ± standard error. P values between two groups were determined using the t-test. Chi-squared test was used for categorical variables, and Mann-Whitney U test for continuous non-normally distributed variables. Multiple imputations were used to adjust for age, sex, body weight, HbA1c, basal energy expenditure, waist circumference, and height. The percentages of nutrient energy per daily energy intake are also shown before and after propensity score matching. Mini-LCD: mini low-carbohydrate diet; ECD: energy-restricted diet; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; 1,5-AG: 1,5-anhydroglucitol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; DTSQ: Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire; Q2: question 2; Q3: question 3.

HbA1c (%)

Mini-LCD

7.0 ± 0.1

6.8 ± 0.1

6.7 ± 0.1

-0.2 ± 0.07

0.60

7.03 ± 0.16

6.97 ± 0.16

6.91 ± 0.14

6.85 ± 0.15

-0.2 ± 0.1

0.95

ECD

7.0 ± 0.1

6.9 ± 0.1

6.8 ± 0.1

-0.2 ± 0.07

7.00 ± 0.16

6.92 ± 0.16

6.85 ± 0.14

6.81 ± 0.15

-0.2 ± 0.09

Glycated albumin (%)

Mini-LCD

17.7 ± 0.4

17.6 ± 0.4

-0.1 ± 0.3

0.37

17.9 ± 0.4

18.3 ± 0.5

0.5 ± 0.4

0.32

ECD

18.5 ± 0.4

18.3 ± 0.4

-0.2 ± 0.3

18.7 ± 0.4

18.6 ± 0.5

-0.1 ± 0.4

1,5 AG

Mini-LCD

10.4 ± 1.4

10.8 ± 1.5

0.3 ± 0.5

0.30

8.2 ± 1.8

7.9 ± 1.8

-0.4 ± 0.7

0.20

ECD

9.9 ± 1.5

10.9 ± 1.6

1.0 ± 0.5

9.8 ± 1.8

10.7 ± 1.8

0.9 ± 0.7

Body weight (kg)

Mini-LCD

67.1 ± 2.4

66.3 ± 2.5

65.8 ± 2.4

66.0 ± 2.4

-1.1 ± 0.3

0.04

59.2 ± 3.0

58.3 ± 3.0

58.7 ± 3.0

58.7 ± 3.1

-0.5 ± 0.4

0.99

ECD

58.2 ± 2.5

58.0 ± 2.6

57.9 ± 2.5

58.0 ± 2.50

-0.3 ± 0.3

60.7 ± 2.8

60.2 ± 3.0

60.1 ± 3.1

-0.5 ± 0.4

Energy intake (kcal/day)

Mini-LCD

1,548.4 ± 79.2

1,556.2 ± 69.7

1,513.8 ± 101.3

1,558.5 ± 84.1

-18.7 ± 91.7

0.42

1,555.1 ± 90.8

1,601.2 ± 85.4

1,404.8 ± 72.0

1,520.3 ± 87.2

-21.1 ± 95.1

0.29

ECD

1,661.3 ± 77.1

1,647.1 ± 66.0

1,725.6 ± 96.0

1,538.8 ± 79.5

-122.5 ± 86.7

1,631.0 ± 91.0

1,566.6 ± 85.4

1,546.3 ± 72.0

1,468.0 ± 87.2

-182.4 ± 105.1

Carbohydrate intake (g/day)

Mini-LCD

200.2 ± 13.4 (51.1± 2.0%)

208.4 ± 10.0 (53.5± 1.9%)

190.9 ± 13.1 (50.8± 1.5%)

194.9 ± 11.2 (50.3± 1.3%)

-9.4 ± 15.4

0.62

197.8 ± 17.6 (53.1± 2.0%)

202.1 ± 14.1 (48.8± 2.5%)

184.1 ± 39.5 (51.1± 1.5%)

185.7 ± 11.8 (51.0±2.9%)

-9.1 ± 19.3

0.59

ECD

232.8 ± 13.0 (56.1± 2.0%)

227.7 ± 9.5 (56.0± 1.9%)

247.2 ± 12.5 (57.7± 1.5%)

212.8 ± 10.5 (55.5± 1.2%)

-20.0 ± 14.6

226.3 ± 18.0 (57.2± 2.0%)

212.4 ± 14.1 (56.0± 2.5%)

216.9 ± 38.2 (53.7± 1.5%)

201.1 ± 11.8 (55.9±20.9%)

-24.0 ± 21.3

Protein intake (g/day)

Mini-LCD

68.4 ± 3.7 (18.1± 0.7%)

67.8 ± 5.0 (17.4± 0.9%)

66.2 ± 3.8 (17.8± 0.7%)

66.2 ± 3.8 (18.4± 0.6%)

1.5 ± 4.1

0.16

66.7 ± 4.1 (17.5± 1.3%)

70.1 ± 5.2 (18.0± 1.2%)

66.5 ± 3.6 (18.5± 0.9%)

71.5 ± 4.4 (20.6±1.5%)

5.2 ± 3.9

0.0085

ECD

68.3 ± 3.6 (16.4± 0.7%)

66.7 ± 4.7 (16.1± 0.9%)

63.1 ± 3.6 (14.7± 0.7%)

63.1 ± 3.6 (16.1± 0.6%)

-6.5 ± 3.9

67.5 ± 4.1 (17.0± 1.3%)

64.3 ± 5.2 (16.3± 1.2%)

67.9 ± 3.6 (16.0± 0.9%)

58.3 ± 4.4 (17.3±1.5%)

-10.1 ± 4.3

Fat intake (g/day)

Mini-LCD

47.4 ± 3.5 (27.8± 1.4%)

49.9 ± 4.0 (29.1± 1.6%)

52.7 ± 5.2 (30.8± 1.9%)

52.3 ± 3.7 (30.1± 1.2%)

4.4 ± 3.8

0.34

46.7 ± 3.7 (25.4± 2.0%)

55.2 ± 4.3 (31.7± 1.9%)

45.5 ± 3.9 (28.2± 1.5%)

53.9 ± 4.2 (26.2± 2.6%)

6.4 ± 4.5

0.27

ECD

47.6 ± 3.4 (25.8± 1.4%)

49.4 ± 3.8 (26.8± 1.5%)

50.9 ± 4.9 (26.3± 1.5%)

47.0 ± 3.5 (27.4± 1.2%)

-0.6 ± 3.6

45.8 ± 3.7 (23.9± 2.0%)

50.3 ± 4.3 (26.5±1.9%)

46.6 ± 3.9 (29.0±1.5%)

43.2 ± 4.7 (25.3±2.6%)

-2.4 ± 5.0

LDL-C (mg/dL)

Mini-LCD

113.2 ± 5.4

116.1 ± 6.9

116.8 ± 0.1

110.0 ± 6.2

-3.2 ± 5.3

0.98

107.0 ± 6.6

116.2 ± 11.0

117.8 ± 11.1

104.0 ± 9.8

-2.9 ± 9.8

0.83

ECD

115.7 ± 5.6

110.9 ± 7.0

116.8 ± 0.1

112.3 ± 6.5

-3.4 ± 5.5

131.0 ± 6.7

125.2 ± 11.0

126.2 ± 11.0

125.1 ± 10.0

-5.9 ± 9.8

HDL-C (mg/dL)

Mini-LCD

60.2 ± 3.3

60.1 ± 3.1

61.2 ± 2.9

59.5 ± 4.3

-0.72 ± 2.3

0.37

65.3 ± 6.0

64.9 ± 14.3

64.4 ± 5.1

63.5 ± 8.3

-1.8 ± 4.5

0.28

ECD

60.9 ± 3.4

60.5 ± 3.2

58.6 ± 3.0

63.2 ± 4.5

2.3 ± 2.4

62.3 ± 6.0

80.3 ± 14.2

58.1 ± 5.1

67.5 ± 8.3

5.2 ± 4.5

TG (mg/dL)

Mini-LCD

158 (122 - 194)

141 (118 - 165)

128 (97 - 160)

143 (16 - 112)

-14.9 ± 16.1

0.36

173 (110 - 236)

135 (95 - 175)

152 (77 - 227)

168 (95 - 240)

-5.4 ± 20.6

0.42

ECD

121 (89 - 164)

119 (93 - 145)

137 (105 - 168)

133 (16 - 100)

6.5 ± 16.8

114 (52 - 177)

119 (79 - 158)

152 (77 - 227)

133 (660 - 206)

18.4 ± 20.6

Ketones (µmol/L)

Mini-LCD

71.4 ± 9.7

101.7 ± 23.7

29.5 ± 24.6

0.82

89.1 ± 15.3

85.6 ± 27.3

-3.5 ± 32.1

0.60

ECD

62.8 ± 10.4

82.3 ± 26.0

20.8 ± 27.6

66.8 ± 15.3

87.1 ± 27.3

20.3 ± 32.1

DTSQ total

Mini-LCD

24.1 ± 2.2

29.7 ± 0.9

5.6 ± 2.2

0.79

26.3 ± 3.4

30.8 ± 1.1

8.4 ± 2.9

0.53

ECD

25.5± 2.4

30.0 ± 0.9

4.7 ± 2.4

22.8 ± 3.7

30.5 ± 1.2

11.3 ± 3.2

DTSQ Q2

Mini-LCD

2.1 ± 0.3

2.7 ± 0.3

-0.2 ± 0.4

0.41

2.7 ± 0.6

2.4 ± 4.3

-0.3 ± 0.5

0.34

ECD

1.7 ± 0.3

-0.7 ± 0.4

2.2 ± 0.7

1.8 ± 4.5

-0.4 ± 0.6

DTSQ Q3

Mini-LCD

1.3 ± 0.2

1.7 ± 0.2

0.4 ± 0.4

0.21

1.0 ± 0.2

1.3± 0.1

0.3 ± 0.3

0.36

ECD

1.4 ± 0.2

1.2 ± 0.3

-0.3 ± 0.4

1.2 ± 0.2

1.2 ± 0.14

-0.1 ± 0.3

Waist circumference (cm)

Mini-LCD

88.2 ± 1.7

87.8 ± 1.7

-0.7 ± 1.2

0.35

84.3 ± 2.7

84.2 ± 3.7

-0.08±2.7

0.60

ECD

81.0 ± 1.8

78.9 ± 1.8

-2.3 ± 1.2

84.2 ± 2.7

82.1 ± 3.7

-2.1 ± 2.7

Basal energy expenditure (kcal/day)

Mini-LCD

1,338.7 ± 43.1

1,342.6 ± 41.8

0.9 ± 3.2

0.23

1,228.0 ± 52.6

1,234.1 ± 52.8

6.1 ± 4.7

0.57

ECD

1,278.1 ± 44.9

1,261.9 ± 44.7

6.8 ± 3.5

1,320.7 ± 52.6

1,323.0 ± 52.8

2.3 ± 4.7

Fat mass (%)

Mini-LCD

32.3 ± 1.7

31.0 ± 1.7

-1.2 ± 0.5

0.50

32.2 ± 2.6

31.0 ± 2.53

-1.2 ± 0.6

0.44

ECD

28.7 ± 1.8

25.9 ± 1.8

-1.7 ± 0.6

29.4 ± 2.6

28.9 ± 2.5

-0.6 ± 0.6

Muscle mass (kg)

Mini-LCD

24.4 ± 1.2

24.2 ± 1.4

-0.01 ± 0.1

0.59

21.3 ± 1.5

21.6 ± 1.5

0.28 ± 0.10

0.086

ECD

22.8 ± 1.3

22.3 ± 1.3

-0.3 ± 0.1

23.9 ± 1.5

24.0 ± 1.5

0.03 ± 0.10