J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 9, Number 8, August 2017, pages 680-686

Post-Prandial Plasma Glucose Less Than or Equal to 70 mg/dL Is Not Uncommon in Young Japanese Women

Figure 1. Responses of plasma glucose and serum insulin to a standardized test meal in young women with (broken lines) and without (solid lines) post-breakfast low glycemia (plasma glucose ≤ 70 mg/dL). Mean ± SD. *P < 0.05. ***P < 0.001.

**Table 1.** Plasma Glucose, Serum Insulin in Response to a Standardized Breakfast (Test Meal A) and Percentages of Women With Post-Breakfast Low Glycemia (Plasma Glucose < 70 mg/dL) in 35 Young Japanese Women
Glucose at	Minimum (mg/dL)	Median (mg/dL)	Maximum (mg/dL)	Low glycemia (n, %)	Insulin, mean ± SD (µU/mL)
0 min	78	83	95	0	3.7 ± 2.0
30 min	72	108	135	0	33.1 ± 17.8
60 min	51	85	128	8 (22.8)	27.6 ± 16.6
120 min	59	72	98	14 (40.0)	12.5 ± 8.0

Table 1. Plasma Glucose, Serum Insulin in Response to a Standardized Breakfast (Test Meal A) and Percentages of Women With Post-Breakfast Low Glycemia (Plasma Glucose < 70 mg/dL) in 35 Young Japanese Women

Glucose at

Minimum (mg/dL)

Median (mg/dL)

Maximum (mg/dL)

Low glycemia (n, %)

Insulin, mean ± SD (µU/mL)

0 min

3.7 ± 2.0

30 min

108

135

33.1 ± 17.8

60 min

128

8 (22.8)

27.6 ± 16.6

120 min

14 (40.0)

12.5 ± 8.0

**Table 2.** Anthropometric Features of Young Women With and Without Post-Breakfast Low Glycemia (Plasma Glucose ≤ 70 mg/dL)
	Post-breakfast low glycemia, mean ± SD	P value
FMI: fat mass index.
BMI (kg/m²)	21.8 ± 2.5	21.9 ± 2.4	0.930
FMI (kg/m²)	10.1 ± 3.4	10.0 ± 2.3	0.896
Waist circumference (cm)	74.1 ± 6.3	73.4 ± 6.4	0.739
Arms fat mass (kg)	1.2 ± 0.6	1.3 ± 0.7	0.550
Legs fat mass (kg)	5.9 ± 1.7	6.3 ± 2.5	0.592
Trunk fat mass (kg)	7.5 ± 3.1	7.1 ± 2.3	0.692
Total fat mass (kg)	15.1 ± 5.4	15.3 ± 5.2	0.937
Arm FMI (kg/m²)	0.45 ± 0.24	0.49 ± 0.25	0.630
Legs FMI (kg/m²)	2.25 ± 0.70	2.36 ± 0.88	0.666
Trunk FMI (kg/m²)	2.88 ± 1.24	2.70 ± 0.81	0.628
Arms lean mass (kg)	3.7 ± 0.6	3.9 ± 0.7	0.307
Legs lean mass (kg)	13.5 ± 2.4	13.6 ± 2.1	0.888
Trunk lean mass (kg)	18.7 ± 2.6	18.5 ± 2.6	0.805
Total lean mass (kg)	39.1 ± 5.7	39.2 ± 5.4	0.949
Arms percentage fat (%)	22.3 ± 9.5	22.8 ± 8.0	0.877
Legs percentage fat (%)	28.9 ± 7.1	29.4 ± 6.4	0.830
Trunk percentage fat (%)	27.2 ± 8.6	26.6 ± 6.0	0.818
Total percentage fat (%)	26.3 ± 7.5	26.3 ± 5.7	0.993
Trunk/leg fat mass	1.25 ± 0.25	1.18 ± 0.26	0.435

Table 2. Anthropometric Features of Young Women With and Without Post-Breakfast Low Glycemia (Plasma Glucose ≤ 70 mg/dL)

Post-breakfast low glycemia, mean ± SD

P value

Absent (n = 19)

Present (n = 16)

FMI: fat mass index.

BMI (kg/m²)

21.8 ± 2.5

21.9 ± 2.4

0.930

FMI (kg/m²)

10.1 ± 3.4

10.0 ± 2.3

0.896

Waist circumference (cm)

74.1 ± 6.3

73.4 ± 6.4

0.739

Arms fat mass (kg)

1.2 ± 0.6

1.3 ± 0.7

0.550

Legs fat mass (kg)

5.9 ± 1.7

6.3 ± 2.5

0.592

Trunk fat mass (kg)

7.5 ± 3.1

7.1 ± 2.3

0.692

Total fat mass (kg)

15.1 ± 5.4

15.3 ± 5.2

0.937

Arm FMI (kg/m²)

0.45 ± 0.24

0.49 ± 0.25

0.630

Legs FMI (kg/m²)

2.25 ± 0.70

2.36 ± 0.88

0.666

Trunk FMI (kg/m²)

2.88 ± 1.24

2.70 ± 0.81

0.628

Arms lean mass (kg)

3.7 ± 0.6

3.9 ± 0.7

0.307

Legs lean mass (kg)

13.5 ± 2.4

13.6 ± 2.1

0.888

Trunk lean mass (kg)

18.7 ± 2.6

18.5 ± 2.6

0.805

Total lean mass (kg)

39.1 ± 5.7

39.2 ± 5.4

0.949

Arms percentage fat (%)

22.3 ± 9.5

22.8 ± 8.0

0.877

Legs percentage fat (%)

28.9 ± 7.1

29.4 ± 6.4

0.830

Trunk percentage fat (%)

27.2 ± 8.6

26.6 ± 6.0

0.818

Total percentage fat (%)

26.3 ± 7.5

26.3 ± 5.7

0.993

Trunk/leg fat mass

1.25 ± 0.25

1.18 ± 0.26

0.435

**Table 3.** Biochemical Features of Young Women With and Without Post-Breakfast Low Glycemia (Plasma Glucose ≤ 70 mg/dL)
	Post-breakfast low glycemia, mean ± SD	P value
HOMA: homeostasis model assessment; IR: insulin resistance; MIR: meal-induced insulin response; PAI-1: plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-6: interleukine-6; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; GGT: γ-glutamyltransferase; C: cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; RLP: remnant-like lipoprotein; FFA: free fatty acid; BP: blood pressure.
HbA1c (%)	5.2 ± 0.2	5.1 ± 0.2	0.742
HOMA-IR	0.82 ± 0.47	0.70 ± 0.37	0.428
MIR (µU/mg)	225 ± 353	265 ± 318	0.738
Adipose IR	1.89 ± 0.82	1.48 ± 1.13	0.228
PAI-1 (ng/mL)	24.0 ± 9.3	36.0 ± 27.1	0.079
TNF-α (pg/mL)	0.6 ± 0.1	0.7 ± 0.3	0.228
Leptin (ng/mL)	7.3 ± 5.2	6.6 ± 3.1	0.631
Adiponectin (µg/mL)	10.4 ± 3.2	12.1 ± 5.6	0.268
Leptin/adiponectin ratio	0.77 ± 0.59	0.66 ± 0.50	0.535
IL-6 (pg/mL)	0.68 ± 0.33	0.64 ± 0.29	0.680
AST (U/L)	18.3 ± 4.0	16.8 ± 6.9	0.428
ALT (U/L)	13.3 ± 4.3	12.1 ± 3.9	0.378
GGT (U/L)	12.4 ± 2.8	12.5 ± 2.7	0.933
Apolipoprotein A1 (mg/dL)	161 ± 14	157 ± 15	0.470
Apolipoprotein B (mg/dL)	67 ± 15	66 ± 13	0.948
Total-C (mg/dL)	180 ± 23	177 ± 23	0.726
HDL-C (mg/dL)	75 ± 12	72 ± 11	0.416
LDL-C (mg/dL)	93 ± 20	94 ± 19	0.830
TG (mg/dL)	57 ± 21	52 ± 15	0.444
RLP-C (mg/dL)	2.9 ± 1.2	2.7 ± 0.7	0.505
FFA (mEq/L)	0.51 ± 0.14	0.42 ± 0.17	0.108
Systolic BP (mm Hg)	114 ± 7	111 ± 8	0.321
Diastolic BP (mm Hg)	69 ± 6	66 ± 6	0.083

Table 3. Biochemical Features of Young Women With and Without Post-Breakfast Low Glycemia (Plasma Glucose ≤ 70 mg/dL)

Post-breakfast low glycemia, mean ± SD

P value

Absent (n = 19)

Present (n = 16)

HOMA: homeostasis model assessment; IR: insulin resistance; MIR: meal-induced insulin response; PAI-1: plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-6: interleukine-6; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; GGT: γ-glutamyltransferase; C: cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; RLP: remnant-like lipoprotein; FFA: free fatty acid; BP: blood pressure.

HbA1c (%)

5.2 ± 0.2

5.1 ± 0.2

0.742

HOMA-IR

0.82 ± 0.47

0.70 ± 0.37

0.428

MIR (µU/mg)

225 ± 353

265 ± 318

0.738

Adipose IR

1.89 ± 0.82

1.48 ± 1.13

0.228

PAI-1 (ng/mL)

24.0 ± 9.3

36.0 ± 27.1

0.079

TNF-α (pg/mL)

0.6 ± 0.1

0.7 ± 0.3

0.228

Leptin (ng/mL)

7.3 ± 5.2

6.6 ± 3.1

0.631

Adiponectin (µg/mL)

10.4 ± 3.2

12.1 ± 5.6

0.268

Leptin/adiponectin ratio

0.77 ± 0.59

0.66 ± 0.50

0.535

IL-6 (pg/mL)

0.68 ± 0.33

0.64 ± 0.29

0.680

AST (U/L)

18.3 ± 4.0

16.8 ± 6.9

0.428

ALT (U/L)

13.3 ± 4.3

12.1 ± 3.9

0.378

GGT (U/L)

12.4 ± 2.8

12.5 ± 2.7

0.933

Apolipoprotein A1 (mg/dL)

161 ± 14

157 ± 15

0.470

Apolipoprotein B (mg/dL)

67 ± 15

66 ± 13

0.948

Total-C (mg/dL)

180 ± 23

177 ± 23

0.726

HDL-C (mg/dL)

75 ± 12

72 ± 11

0.416

LDL-C (mg/dL)

93 ± 20

94 ± 19

0.830

TG (mg/dL)

57 ± 21

52 ± 15

0.444

RLP-C (mg/dL)

2.9 ± 1.2

2.7 ± 0.7

0.505

FFA (mEq/L)

0.51 ± 0.14

0.42 ± 0.17

0.108

Systolic BP (mm Hg)

114 ± 7

111 ± 8

0.321

Diastolic BP (mm Hg)

69 ± 6

66 ± 6

0.083

**Table 4.** Responses to Test Meal of Triglyceride, Remnant-Like Lipoprotein-Cholesterol and Free Fatty Acid in Young Women With and Without Post-Breakfast Low Glycemia (Plasma Glucose ≤ 70 mg/dL)
	Post-breakfast low glycemia, mean ± SD	P value
TG: triglyceride; RLP-C: remnant-like lipoprotein-cholesterol; FFA: free fatty acid.
TG 0 min (mg/dL)	57 ± 21	52 ± 15	0.444
TG 30 min (mg/dL)	62 ± 23	60 ± 23	0.739
TG 60 min (mg/dL)	73 ± 28	72 ± 24	0.902
TG 120 min (mg/dL)	77 ± 29	82 ± 31	0.673
RLP-C 0 min (mg/dL)	2.9 ± 1.2	2.7 ± 0.7	0.505
RLP-C 30 min (mg/dL)	3.0 ± 1.2	2.8 ± 0.7	0.468
RLP-C 60 min (mg/dL)	3.3 ± 1.4	3.1 ± 0.8	0.451
RLP-C 120 min (mg/dL)	3.1 ± 1.3	3.0 ± 0.8	0.806
FFA 0 min (mEq/L)	0.51 ± 0.14	0.42 ± 0.17	0.108
FFA 30 min (mEq/L)	0.38 ± 0.11	0.32 ± 0.11	0.129
FFA 60 min (mEq/L)	0.24 ± 0.06	0.23 ± 0.08	0.523
FFA 120 min (mEq/L)	0.22 ± 0.04	0.25 ± 0.07	0.168

Table 4. Responses to Test Meal of Triglyceride, Remnant-Like Lipoprotein-Cholesterol and Free Fatty Acid in Young Women With and Without Post-Breakfast Low Glycemia (Plasma Glucose ≤ 70 mg/dL)

Post-breakfast low glycemia, mean ± SD

P value

Absent (n = 19)

Present (n = 16)

TG: triglyceride; RLP-C: remnant-like lipoprotein-cholesterol; FFA: free fatty acid.

TG 0 min (mg/dL)

57 ± 21

52 ± 15

0.444

TG 30 min (mg/dL)

62 ± 23

60 ± 23

0.739

TG 60 min (mg/dL)

73 ± 28

72 ± 24

0.902

TG 120 min (mg/dL)

77 ± 29

82 ± 31

0.673

RLP-C 0 min (mg/dL)

2.9 ± 1.2

2.7 ± 0.7

0.505

RLP-C 30 min (mg/dL)

3.0 ± 1.2

2.8 ± 0.7

0.468

RLP-C 60 min (mg/dL)

3.3 ± 1.4

3.1 ± 0.8

0.451

RLP-C 120 min (mg/dL)

3.1 ± 1.3

3.0 ± 0.8

0.806

FFA 0 min (mEq/L)

0.51 ± 0.14

0.42 ± 0.17

0.108

FFA 30 min (mEq/L)

0.38 ± 0.11

0.32 ± 0.11

0.129

FFA 60 min (mEq/L)

0.24 ± 0.06

0.23 ± 0.08

0.523

FFA 120 min (mEq/L)

0.22 ± 0.04

0.25 ± 0.07

0.168

**Table 5.** Comparison Between 28 Young Japanese Women Whose Post-Breakfast Plasma Glucose (PG) Returned to Levels Below the Fasting PG (A) and 7 Women Whose Post-Breakfast PG Never Fell Below the Fasting PG Concentration (B)
	B, mean ± SD	A, mean ± SD	P value
HOMA: homeostasis model assessment; IR: insulin resistance; MIR: meal-induced insulin response.
Athletes (n, %)	4 (57.1)	13 (46.4)	0.691
BMI (kg/m²)	21.3 ± 1.5	22.0 ± 2.6	0.489
Waist circumference (cm)	71.4 ± 4.2	74.4 ± 6.6	0.268
Fat mass index (kg/m²)	5.42 ± 1.32	5.87 ± 2.16	0.606
Percentage body fat (%)	25.8 ± 6.0	26.5 ± 6.9	0.827
Trunk/leg fat mass	1.24 ± 0.16	1.21 ± 0.27	0.799
Glucose (mg/dL) 0 min	82 ± 4	84 ± 5	0.273
Glucose (mg/dL) 30 min	111 ± 9	105 ± 15	0.355
Glucose (mg/dL) 60 min	95 ± 16	82 ± 19	0.100
Glucose (mg/dL) 120 min	90 ± 5	70 ± 8	0.000
Insulin (µU/mL) 0 min	3.3 ± 1.2	3.8 ± 2.2	0.594
Insulin (µU/mL) 30 min	29.4 ± 15.8	34.0 ± 18.4	0.554
Insulin (µU/mL) 60 min	22.4 ± 14.4	28.9 ± 17.1	0.361
Insulin (µU/mL) 120 min	14.6 ± 8.5	12.0 ± 8.0	0.436
HbA1c (%)	5.1 ± 0.3	5.2 ± 0.2	0.848
HOMA-IR	0.67 ± 0.23	0.79 ± 0.46	0.519
MIR (µU/mg)	89 ± 36	283 ± 366	0.014
Adipose IR	1.90 ± 0.76	1.66 ± 1.04	0.565
Leptin (ng/mL)	6.5 ± 4.1	7.1 ± 4.5	0.737
Adiponectin (µg/mL)	10.5 ± 2.7	11.4 ± 4.8	0.631

Table 5. Comparison Between 28 Young Japanese Women Whose Post-Breakfast Plasma Glucose (PG) Returned to Levels Below the Fasting PG (A) and 7 Women Whose Post-Breakfast PG Never Fell Below the Fasting PG Concentration (B)

B, mean ± SD

A, mean ± SD

P value

HOMA: homeostasis model assessment; IR: insulin resistance; MIR: meal-induced insulin response.

Athletes (n, %)

4 (57.1)

13 (46.4)

0.691

BMI (kg/m²)

21.3 ± 1.5

22.0 ± 2.6

0.489

Waist circumference (cm)

71.4 ± 4.2

74.4 ± 6.6

0.268

Fat mass index (kg/m²)

5.42 ± 1.32

5.87 ± 2.16

0.606

Percentage body fat (%)

25.8 ± 6.0

26.5 ± 6.9

0.827

Trunk/leg fat mass

1.24 ± 0.16

1.21 ± 0.27

0.799

Glucose (mg/dL) 0 min

82 ± 4

84 ± 5

0.273

Glucose (mg/dL) 30 min

111 ± 9

105 ± 15

0.355

Glucose (mg/dL) 60 min

95 ± 16

82 ± 19

0.100

Glucose (mg/dL) 120 min

90 ± 5

70 ± 8

0.000

Insulin (µU/mL) 0 min

3.3 ± 1.2

3.8 ± 2.2

0.594

Insulin (µU/mL) 30 min

29.4 ± 15.8

34.0 ± 18.4

0.554

Insulin (µU/mL) 60 min

22.4 ± 14.4

28.9 ± 17.1

0.361

Insulin (µU/mL) 120 min

14.6 ± 8.5

12.0 ± 8.0

0.436

HbA1c (%)

5.1 ± 0.3

5.2 ± 0.2

0.848

HOMA-IR

0.67 ± 0.23

0.79 ± 0.46

0.519

MIR (µU/mg)

89 ± 36

283 ± 366

0.014

Adipose IR

1.90 ± 0.76

1.66 ± 1.04

0.565

Leptin (ng/mL)

6.5 ± 4.1

7.1 ± 4.5

0.737

Adiponectin (µg/mL)

10.5 ± 2.7

11.4 ± 4.8

0.631