Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access
Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc
Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 9, Number 7, July 2017, pages 638-649


Association of Cognitive Impairment in Patients on 3-Hydroxy-3-Methyl-Glutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1. Comparative frequency of all cases of cognitive impairment or dementia based on age group.
Figure 2.
Figure 2. Associated comorbid conditions.
Figure 3.
Figure 3. Age distribution of the patients in the statin treatment group.
Figure 4.
Figure 4. Type of statin and cognitive impairment or dementia.

Tables

Table 1. Baseline Characteristics
 
VariableAll (n = 3,500)Group 1: statin treatment group (n = 720)Group 2: non-statin treatment group (n = 2,780)P value (1 vs. 2)
*Wilcoxon two-sample test. Fisher’s exact test.
Age (years), mean (SD)46.9 (17.6)65.8 (14.3)46.9 (16.5)< 0.001*
Gender
  Male (n, %)1,590 (45.4)405 (56.2)1,185 (42.6)< 0.001
  Female (n, %)1,910 (54.6)315 (43.8)1,595 (57.4)< 0.001
Race< 0.001
  Caucasian (n, %)2,179 (62.3)511 (71.0)1,668 (60.0)
  African American (n, %)473 (13.5)74 (10.3)399 (14.4)
  Hispanic (n, %)326 (9.3)50 (6.9)276 (9.9)
  Other (n, %)522 (14.9)85 (11.8)437 (15.7)
Social factors
  Alcohol (n, %)1,654 (47.3)318 (44.2)1,336 (48.1)0.066
  Cigarettes (n, %)1,308 (37.4)363 (50.5)945 (34.0)< 0.001
  Drugs (n, %)149 (4.3)24 (3.3)125 (4.5)0.169

 

Table 2. Associated Comorbid Conditions
 
VariableGroup 1: statin treatment group (n = 720)Group 2: non-statin treatment group (n = 2,780)P* value (1 vs. 2)
*Fisher’s exact test.
Hyperlipidemia (n, %)621 (86.3)677 (24.4)< 0.001
Hypertension (n, %)501 (69.6)683 (24.6)< 0.001
Diabetes mellitus (n, %)259 (36.0)237 (8.5)< 0.001
Osteoarthritis (n, %)227 (31.5)396 (14.2)< 0.001
Coronary artery disease (n, %)188 (26.1)56 (2.0)< 0.001
Hypothyroidism (n, %)155 (21.5)266 (9.6)< 0.001
Depression (n, %)139 (19.3)421 (15.1)< 0.001
Anxiety disorder (n, %)118 (16.4)426 (15.3)0.482
Other rheumatological disease (n, %)115 (16.0)240 (8.6)< 0.001
Cancer (n, %)104 (14.4)183 (6.6)< 0.001
Asthma (n, %)96 (13.3)343 (12.3)0.474
Other endocrine disorder (n, %)88 (12.2)173 (6.2)< 0.001
Cerebrovascular accident (n, %)73 (10.1)34 (1.2)< 0.001
Chronic kidney disease (n, %)67 (9.3)75 (2.7)< 0.001
Liver disease (n, %)66 (9.2)137 (4.9)< 0.001
Congestive heart failure (n, %)61 (8.5)36 (1.3)< 0.001
Dementia-cognitive impairment (n, %)57 (7.9)86 (3.1)< 0.001
Chronic obstructive airway disease (n, %)55 (7.6)48 (1.7)< 0.001
Carotid stenosis (n, %)30 (4.2)6 (0.2)< 0.001
Family history of dementia (n, %)19 (2.6)40 (1.4)0.026
Bipolar disorder (n, %)18 (2.5)72 (2.6)0.892
Immunodeficiency disease (n, %)2 (0.3)3 (0.1)0.274
Post-transplant immunosuppression (n, %)2 (0.3)57 (2.1)0.001
Schizophrenia (n, %)1 (0.1)11 (0.4)0.479
Human immunodeficiency virus infection (n, %)1 (0.1)7 (0.3)1.000

 

Table 3. Associated Comorbid Conditions in the 51 - 80 Years Age Subgroup
 
VariableGroup 1: statin treatment group (n = 511)Group 2: non-statin treatment group (n = 1,004)P* value (1 vs. 2)
*Fisher’s exact test. NS: not significant.
Age (years), mean (SD)56.6 (8.3)61.2 (8.1)NS
Hyperlipidemia (n, %)460 (90.0)431 (42.9)< 0.001
Hypertension (n, %)363 (71.0)426 (42.4)< 0.001
Diabetes mellitus (n, %)194 (37.9)141 (14.0)< 0.001
Osteoarthritis (n, %)163 (31.9)252 (25.1)< 0.001
Coronary artery disease (n, %)130 (25.4)38 (3.8)< 0.001
Hypothyroidism (n, %)101 (19.8)147 (14.6)NS
Depression (n, %)102 (19.9)172 (17.2)NS
Anxiety disorder (n, %)78 (15.3)158 (15.7)NS
Other rheumatological disease (n, %)77 (15.1)150 (14.9)NS
Cancer (n, %)71 (13.9)120 (12.0)NS
Asthma (n, %)73 (14.3)127 (12.6)NS
Other endocrine disorder (n, %)60 (11.7)88 (8.8)NS
Cerebrovascular accident (n, %)42 (8.2)20 (2.0)< 0.001
Chronic kidney disease (n, %)67 (9.3)49 (4.9)< 0.001
Liver disease (n, %)49 (9.6)67 (6.7)NS
Congestive heart failure (n, %)37 (7.2)18 (1.8)< 0.001
Dementia-cognitive impairment (n, %)35 (6.8)33 (3.3)< 0.001
Chronic obstructive airway disease (n, %)35 (6.8)34 (3.4)< 0.001
Carotid stenosis (n, %)19 (3.7)5 (0.5)< 0.001
Family history of dementia (n, %)15 (2.9)23 (2.3)NS
Bipolar disorder (n, %)12 (2.3)18 (1.8)NS
Immunodeficiency disease (n, %)2 (0.4)2 (0.2)NS
Post-transplant immunosuppression (n, %)2 (0.4)57 (5.7)< 0.001
Schizophrenia (n, %)0 (0.0)6 (0.6)NS
Human immunodeficiency virus infection (n, %)0 (0.0)2 (0.2)NS

 

Table 4. Comparative Vitals and Lipid Analysis
 
VariableGroup 1: statin treatment group (n = 720)Group 2: non-statin treatment group (n = 2,780)P* value (1 vs. 2)
BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. *Wilcoxon two-sample test.
Vitals
  BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD)29.7 (6.5)29.5 (10.9)0.556
  SBP (mm Hg), mean (SD)127.4 (14.9)123 (13.7)< 0.001
  DBP (mm Hg, mean (SD)75.9 (9.6)76.5 (9.1)0.141
Lab tests
  TC (mg/dL), mean (SD)176.5 (47.4)185.1 (35.9)< 0.001
  TG (mg/dL), mean (SD)136.1 (102.3)113.4 (70.8)< 0.001
  HDL-C (mg/dL), mean (SD)51.2 (15.8)54.5 (17.9)< 0.001
  LDL-C (mg/dL), mean (SD)98.0 (40.8)108.2 (30.8)< 0.001

 

Table 5. Statin Therapy and Dementia or Cognitive Impairment
 
VariableDementia or cognitive impairment (n = 143)No dementia or cognitive impairment (n = 3,357)P
Statin therapy (n, %)57 (39.9)662 (18.9)< 0.001