J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 9, Number 7, July 2017, pages 630-637

Dietary Modification Trial in Community-Dwelling Japanese Elderly: A Pilot Study

**Table 1.** Characteristics and Baseline Parameters of All Groups
	Salt reduction (n = 18)	Dietary fiber (n = 21)	Protein reduction (n = 11)	P value
Data were expressed as median (25th percentile - 75th percentile). *Data were expressed as median (minimum - maximum). Kruskal-Wallis test and Chi-square test for categorical variables were performed for comparison of three groups. MNA-SF: mini-nutritional assessment short form; TMIG-IC: Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence; TG: triglyceride; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; RBC: red blood cell count; WBC: white blood cell count.
Age (years)	71.5 (69.8 - 78.0)	72.0 (70.5 - 77.5)	76.0 (72.0 - 80.0)	0.367
Sex (men/women)	6:12	5:16	4:7	0.708
BMI (kg/m²)	24.1 (20.4 - 25.6)	24.5 (22.4 - 27.0)	24.6 (21.2 - 26.5)	0.762
MNA-SF (points)	12.5 (11.0 - 14.0)	13.0 (11.0 - 14.0)	13.0 (10.0 - 14.0)	0.894
TMIG-IC (points)	13.0 (12.0 - 13.0)	12.0 (11.0 - 13.0)	12.0 (10.0 - 14.0)	0.145
Charlson comorbidity index
0 - 2 points	12 (66.7%)	17 (80.9%)	7 (63.6%)	0.479
3 - 5 points	6 (33.3%)	4 (19.0%)	4 (36.4%)
Waist circumference (cm)
Men (n = 4/4/2)	95.3 (84.5 - 98.7)	89.9 (78.5 - 95.3)	91.1 (86.1 - 99.0)*	0.692
Women (n = 8/7/5)	89.2 (75.3 - 93.3)	86.9 (79.7 - 97.4)	90.9 (82.5 - 95.7)	0.779
Body fat (%)	27.2 (23.4 - 31.2)	25.3 (20.2 - 29.2)	30.2 (22.6 - 32.6)	0.730
Total energy consumption (kcal/day)	1,574 (1,489 - 1,884)	1,627 (1,424 - 1,687)	1,394 (1,349 - 1,592)	0.048
Number of steps	7,374 (3,172 - 9,925)	5,278 (2,573 - 7,940)	3,454 (973 - 5,899)	0.061
Albumin (g/dL)	4.5 (4.2 - 4.7)	4.2 (4.1 - 4.5)	4.1 (3.8 - 4.4)	0.219
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	191.5 (173.3 - 210.5)	193.5 (173.3 - 226.8)	188.0 (156.0 - 251.0)	0.842
TG (mg/dL)	93.5 (72.0 - 125.5)	118.0 (90.0 - 149.0)	120.0 (79.0 - 219.0)	0.286
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.8 (0.6 - 0.9)	0.6 (0.5 - 0.8)	1.4 (1.2 - 1.9)	< 0.001
Na (mEq/L) (n = 12/10/6)	141.0 (140.3 - 142.3)	141.5 (140.3 - 144.8)	142.0 (138.5 - 143.3)	0.912
Cl (mEq/L) (n = 12/9/6)	103.0 (101.0 - 104.0)	103.0 (101.3 - 104.0)	102.5 (101.3 - 104.8)	0.997
K (mEq/L) (n = 16/15/11)	4.3 (4.1 - 4.5)	4.1 (3.8 - 4.4)	4.7 (4.4 - 5.0)	0.006
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)	68.0 (52.3 - 77.1)	76.3 (64.1 - 89.6)	29.8 (22.9 - 35.1)	< 0.001
RBC (× 10⁴/μL)	435.5 (394.3 - 446.0)	435 (399.8 - 463.0)	385.0 (343.0 - 427.0)	0.018
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	13.7 (12.4 - 14.4)	13.1 (11.9 - 14.1)	11.4 (10.2 - 13.0)	0.013
CRP (mg/dL) (n = 19/18/10)	0.08 (0.05 - 0.14)	0.11 (0.05 - 0.16)	0.14 (0.05 - 0.43)	0.561
WBC (× 10²/μL)	55.0 (34.0 - 61.0)	54.0 (46.5 - 72.3)	59.0 (49.0 - 68.0)	0.538

Table 1. Characteristics and Baseline Parameters of All Groups

Salt reduction (n = 18)

Dietary fiber (n = 21)

Protein reduction (n = 11)

P value

Data were expressed as median (25th percentile - 75th percentile). *Data were expressed as median (minimum - maximum). Kruskal-Wallis test and Chi-square test for categorical variables were performed for comparison of three groups. MNA-SF: mini-nutritional assessment short form; TMIG-IC: Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence; TG: triglyceride; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; RBC: red blood cell count; WBC: white blood cell count.

Age (years)

71.5 (69.8 - 78.0)

72.0 (70.5 - 77.5)

76.0 (72.0 - 80.0)

0.367

Sex (men/women)

6:12

5:16

4:7

0.708

BMI (kg/m²)

24.1 (20.4 - 25.6)

24.5 (22.4 - 27.0)

24.6 (21.2 - 26.5)

0.762

MNA-SF (points)

12.5 (11.0 - 14.0)

13.0 (11.0 - 14.0)

13.0 (10.0 - 14.0)

0.894

TMIG-IC (points)

13.0 (12.0 - 13.0)

12.0 (11.0 - 13.0)

12.0 (10.0 - 14.0)

0.145

Charlson comorbidity index

0 - 2 points

12 (66.7%)

17 (80.9%)

7 (63.6%)

0.479

3 - 5 points

6 (33.3%)

4 (19.0%)

4 (36.4%)

Waist circumference (cm)

Men (n = 4/4/2)

95.3 (84.5 - 98.7)

89.9 (78.5 - 95.3)

91.1 (86.1 - 99.0)*

0.692

Women (n = 8/7/5)

89.2 (75.3 - 93.3)

86.9 (79.7 - 97.4)

90.9 (82.5 - 95.7)

0.779

Body fat (%)

27.2 (23.4 - 31.2)

25.3 (20.2 - 29.2)

30.2 (22.6 - 32.6)

0.730

Total energy consumption (kcal/day)

1,574 (1,489 - 1,884)

1,627 (1,424 - 1,687)

1,394 (1,349 - 1,592)

0.048

Number of steps

7,374 (3,172 - 9,925)

5,278 (2,573 - 7,940)

3,454 (973 - 5,899)

0.061

Albumin (g/dL)

4.5 (4.2 - 4.7)

4.2 (4.1 - 4.5)

4.1 (3.8 - 4.4)

0.219

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

191.5 (173.3 - 210.5)

193.5 (173.3 - 226.8)

188.0 (156.0 - 251.0)

0.842

TG (mg/dL)

93.5 (72.0 - 125.5)

118.0 (90.0 - 149.0)

120.0 (79.0 - 219.0)

0.286

Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.8 (0.6 - 0.9)

0.6 (0.5 - 0.8)

1.4 (1.2 - 1.9)

< 0.001

Na (mEq/L) (n = 12/10/6)

141.0 (140.3 - 142.3)

141.5 (140.3 - 144.8)

142.0 (138.5 - 143.3)

0.912

Cl (mEq/L) (n = 12/9/6)

103.0 (101.0 - 104.0)

103.0 (101.3 - 104.0)

102.5 (101.3 - 104.8)

0.997

K (mEq/L) (n = 16/15/11)

4.3 (4.1 - 4.5)

4.1 (3.8 - 4.4)

4.7 (4.4 - 5.0)

0.006

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

68.0 (52.3 - 77.1)

76.3 (64.1 - 89.6)

29.8 (22.9 - 35.1)

< 0.001

RBC (× 10⁴/μL)

435.5 (394.3 - 446.0)

435 (399.8 - 463.0)

385.0 (343.0 - 427.0)

0.018

Hemoglobin (g/dL)

13.7 (12.4 - 14.4)

13.1 (11.9 - 14.1)

11.4 (10.2 - 13.0)

0.013

CRP (mg/dL) (n = 19/18/10)

0.08 (0.05 - 0.14)

0.11 (0.05 - 0.16)

0.14 (0.05 - 0.43)

0.561

WBC (× 10²/μL)

55.0 (34.0 - 61.0)

54.0 (46.5 - 72.3)

59.0 (49.0 - 68.0)

0.538

**Table 2.** Change in Variables at 3 and 6 Months in the Salt Reduction Group (n = 14)
	Baseline	3 months	6 months	P value
Data were expressed as median (25th percentile - 75th percentile). Friedman tests were performed for comparison of 3 time point. TG: triglyceride.
BMI (kg/m²)	23.8 (20.2 - 25.3)	23.6 (20.1 - 25.3)	23.6 (20.6 - 25.2)	0.458
Body fat (%)	27.2 (23.4 - 31.2)	23.7 (18.5 - 31.2)	22.5 (18.8 - 28.3)	0.045
Total energy consumption (kcal)	1,681 (1,519 - 1,894)	1,633 (1,469 - 1,915)	1,604 (1,420 - 1,892)	0.307
Albumin (g/dL) (n = 8)	4.7 (4.1 - 4.9)	4.6 (4.3 - 4.8)	4.6 (4.2 - 4.9)	0.727
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) (n = 7)	190 (154 - 209)	189 (157 - 206)	179 (158 - 197)	0.368
TG (mg/dL) (n = 8)	95.5 (60.0 - 120.0)	73.0 (60.3 - 97.0)	68.5 (60.3 - 103.3)	0.093
Energy intake (kcal/day)	1,703 (1,450 - 1,896)	1,703 (1,471 - 1,969)	1,739 (1,453 - 1,813)	0.292
Energy intake (kcal/kg IBW/day/day)	27.9 (25.7 - 32.3)	28.3 (26.5 - 33.4)	27.8 (24.4 - 32.4)	0.116
Protein (g/kg IBW/day)	1.26 (1.19 - 1.42)	1.23 (1.03 - 1.48)	1.10 (1.00 - 1.27)	0.092
Protein (% energy)	17.0 (16.0 - 19.5)	17.0 (14.5 - 19.4)	15.0 (13.5 - 19.5)	0.226
Fat (% energy)	29.2 (25.2 - 32.5)	30.0 (27.5 - 33.0)	27.0 (19.3 - 31.5)	0.118
Carbohydrate (% energy)	52.0 (48.5 - 59.4)	52.0 (50.0 - 56.0)	57.0 (51.5 - 66.3)	0.025
Fiber (g)	21.2 (17.9 - 22.4)	17.6 (12.6 - 21.6)	17.7 (12.1 - 20.7)	0.041
NaCl (g)	9.6 (8.9 - 12.7)	8.0 (7.1 - 9.6)	8.1 (7.4 - 8.8)	0.005
Systolic pressure (mm Hg) (n = 10)	135 (126 - 145)	122 (120 - 138)	125 (119 - 133)	0.085
Diastolic pressure (mm Hg) (n = 10)	73 (69 - 80)	70 (66 - 75)	67 (60 - 77)	0.172

Table 2. Change in Variables at 3 and 6 Months in the Salt Reduction Group (n = 14)

Baseline

3 months

6 months

P value

Data were expressed as median (25th percentile - 75th percentile). Friedman tests were performed for comparison of 3 time point. TG: triglyceride.

BMI (kg/m²)

23.8 (20.2 - 25.3)

23.6 (20.1 - 25.3)

23.6 (20.6 - 25.2)

0.458

Body fat (%)

27.2 (23.4 - 31.2)

23.7 (18.5 - 31.2)

22.5 (18.8 - 28.3)

0.045

Total energy consumption (kcal)

1,681 (1,519 - 1,894)

1,633 (1,469 - 1,915)

1,604 (1,420 - 1,892)

0.307

Albumin (g/dL) (n = 8)

4.7 (4.1 - 4.9)

4.6 (4.3 - 4.8)

4.6 (4.2 - 4.9)

0.727

Total cholesterol (mg/dL) (n = 7)

190 (154 - 209)

189 (157 - 206)

179 (158 - 197)

0.368

TG (mg/dL) (n = 8)

95.5 (60.0 - 120.0)

73.0 (60.3 - 97.0)

68.5 (60.3 - 103.3)

0.093

Energy intake (kcal/day)

1,703 (1,450 - 1,896)

1,703 (1,471 - 1,969)

1,739 (1,453 - 1,813)

0.292

Energy intake (kcal/kg IBW/day/day)

27.9 (25.7 - 32.3)

28.3 (26.5 - 33.4)

27.8 (24.4 - 32.4)

0.116

Protein (g/kg IBW/day)

1.26 (1.19 - 1.42)

1.23 (1.03 - 1.48)

1.10 (1.00 - 1.27)

0.092

Protein (% energy)

17.0 (16.0 - 19.5)

17.0 (14.5 - 19.4)

15.0 (13.5 - 19.5)

0.226

Fat (% energy)

29.2 (25.2 - 32.5)

30.0 (27.5 - 33.0)

27.0 (19.3 - 31.5)

0.118

Carbohydrate (% energy)

52.0 (48.5 - 59.4)

52.0 (50.0 - 56.0)

57.0 (51.5 - 66.3)

0.025

Fiber (g)

21.2 (17.9 - 22.4)

17.6 (12.6 - 21.6)

17.7 (12.1 - 20.7)

0.041

NaCl (g)

9.6 (8.9 - 12.7)

8.0 (7.1 - 9.6)

8.1 (7.4 - 8.8)

0.005

Systolic pressure (mm Hg) (n = 10)

135 (126 - 145)

122 (120 - 138)

125 (119 - 133)

0.085

Diastolic pressure (mm Hg) (n = 10)

73 (69 - 80)

70 (66 - 75)

67 (60 - 77)

0.172

**Table 3.** Change in Variables at 3 and 6 Months in the Dietary Fiber Group (n = 11)
	Baseline	3 months	6 months	P value
Data were expressed as median (25th percentile - 75th percentile). Friedman tests were performed for comparison of 3 time point. TG: triglyceride.
BMI (kg/m²)	24.4 (22.4 - 26.2)	24.8 (22.4 - 26.6)	24.7 (22.4 - 26.8)	0.225
Body fat (%)	25.6 (23.0 - 29.7)	24.5 (19.8 - 37.2)	24.0 (20.8 - 37.6)	0.614
Total energy consumption (kcal/day)	1,584 (1,394 - 1,697)	1,555 (1,378 - 1,700)	1,584 (1,420 - 1,655)	0.307
Albumin (g/dL)	4.2 (4.0 - 4.6)	4.3 (4.0 - 4.5)	4.3 (4.0 - 4.5)	0.703
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	209 (173 - 243)	194 (183 - 227)	190 (167 - 207)	0.045
TG (mg/dL)	103 (86 - 164)	101 (76 - 126)	96 (65 - 134)	0.850
Energy intake (kcal/day)	1,799 (1,447 - 1,895)	1,689 (1,539 - 1,916)	1,639 (1,487 - 1,757)	0.264
Energy intake (kcal/kg IBW/day)	32.2 (23.9 - 35.1)	30.0 (27.9 - 31.3)	28.8 (24.1 - 33.0)	0.264
Protein (g/kg IBW/day)	1.30 (1.06 - 1.56)	1.25 (1.06 - 1.56)	1.19 (1.03 - 1.57)	0.913
Protein (% energy)	17.0 (15.7 - 18.0)	17.0 (14.0 - 18.0)	16.1 (13.0 - 20.0)	0.976
Fat (% energy)	27.9 (22.2 - 28.0)	28.0 (21.0 - 32.3)	28.0 (24.0 - 34.6)	0.509
Carbohydrate (% energy)	55.0 (53.5 - 62.0)	55.0 (50.4 - 59.3)	52.0 (49.0 - 59.0)	0.695
Fiber (g)	13.4 (11.0 - 17.2)	15.3 (11.1 - 19.1)	15.5 (9.9 - 17.6)	0.695
NaCl (g)	9.4 (7.5 - 11.4)	8.6 (7.3 - 10.2)	7.3 (5.8 - 8.8)	0.078
Systolic pressure (mm Hg) (n = 10)	122 (110 - 140)	123 (113 - 137)	114 (107 - 121)	0.179
Diastolic pressure (mm Hg) (n = 10)	72 (60 - 85)	69 (60 - 77)	67 (52 - 79)	0.139

Table 3. Change in Variables at 3 and 6 Months in the Dietary Fiber Group (n = 11)

Baseline

3 months

6 months

P value

Data were expressed as median (25th percentile - 75th percentile). Friedman tests were performed for comparison of 3 time point. TG: triglyceride.

BMI (kg/m²)

24.4 (22.4 - 26.2)

24.8 (22.4 - 26.6)

24.7 (22.4 - 26.8)

0.225

Body fat (%)

25.6 (23.0 - 29.7)

24.5 (19.8 - 37.2)

24.0 (20.8 - 37.6)

0.614

Total energy consumption (kcal/day)

1,584 (1,394 - 1,697)

1,555 (1,378 - 1,700)

1,584 (1,420 - 1,655)

0.307

Albumin (g/dL)

4.2 (4.0 - 4.6)

4.3 (4.0 - 4.5)

0.703

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

209 (173 - 243)

194 (183 - 227)

190 (167 - 207)

0.045

TG (mg/dL)

103 (86 - 164)

101 (76 - 126)

96 (65 - 134)

0.850

Energy intake (kcal/day)

1,799 (1,447 - 1,895)

1,689 (1,539 - 1,916)

1,639 (1,487 - 1,757)

0.264

Energy intake (kcal/kg IBW/day)

32.2 (23.9 - 35.1)

30.0 (27.9 - 31.3)

28.8 (24.1 - 33.0)

0.264

Protein (g/kg IBW/day)

1.30 (1.06 - 1.56)

1.25 (1.06 - 1.56)

1.19 (1.03 - 1.57)

0.913

Protein (% energy)

17.0 (15.7 - 18.0)

17.0 (14.0 - 18.0)

16.1 (13.0 - 20.0)

0.976

Fat (% energy)

27.9 (22.2 - 28.0)

28.0 (21.0 - 32.3)

28.0 (24.0 - 34.6)

0.509

Carbohydrate (% energy)

55.0 (53.5 - 62.0)

55.0 (50.4 - 59.3)

52.0 (49.0 - 59.0)

0.695

Fiber (g)

13.4 (11.0 - 17.2)

15.3 (11.1 - 19.1)

15.5 (9.9 - 17.6)

0.695

NaCl (g)

9.4 (7.5 - 11.4)

8.6 (7.3 - 10.2)

7.3 (5.8 - 8.8)

0.078

Systolic pressure (mm Hg) (n = 10)

122 (110 - 140)

123 (113 - 137)

114 (107 - 121)

0.179

Diastolic pressure (mm Hg) (n = 10)

72 (60 - 85)

69 (60 - 77)

67 (52 - 79)

0.139

**Table 4.** Change in Variables at 3 and 6 Months in the Protein Reduction Group (n = 10)
	Baseline	3 months	6 months	P value
Data were expressed as median (25th percentile - 75th percentile). Friedman tests were performed for comparison of 3 time point. TG: triglyceride; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate.
BMI (kg/m²) (n = 9)	22.5 (20.5 - 25.6)	22.1 (20.5 - 24.3)	22.8 (20.6 - 24.3)	0.674
Body fat (%) (n = 5)	31.2 (23.6 - 33.9)	30.8 (23.7 - 34.8)	30.0 (24.3 - 33.1)	0.819
Total energy consumption (kcal/day) (n = 5)	1,385 (1,345 - 1,625)	1,483 (1,395 - 1,629)	1,474 (1,367 - 1,574)	0.041
Albumin (g/dL) (n = 6)	4.0 (3.8 - 4.3)	3.9 (3.8 - 4.4)	4.0 (3.7 - 4.1)	0.819
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) (n = 8)	178 (159 - 239)	180 (160 - 201)	192 (152 - 207)	0.687
TG (mg/dL) (n = 6)	122 (79 - 156)	100 (70 - 220)	104 (52 - 221)	1.000
BUN (mg/dL) (n = 9)	30.7 (27.8 - 44.8)	29.4 (26.8 - 43.4)	31.2 (26.4 - 37.2)	0.717
Creatinine (mg/dL) (n = 8)	1.3 (1.1 - 2.1)	1.3 (1.0 - 2.2)	1.2 (1.0 - 2.0)	0.417
K (mEq/L) (n = 7)	4.7 (4.4 - 5.5)	4.7 (4.1 - 5.6)	4.0 (4.0 - 5.1)	0.607
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²) (n = 9)	31.0 (21.5 - 37.1)	30.0 (21.8 - 44.2)	29.3 (22.0 - 43.7)	0.368
RBC (× 10⁴/μL) (n = 7)	385 (348 - 396)	352 (342 - 379)	365 (330 - 389)	0.163
Hemoglobin (g/dL) (n = 7)	11.4 (11.0 - 12.5)	10.9 (10.7 - 11.9)	11.6 (9.8 - 11.8)	0.276
Energy intake (kcal/day)	1,630 (1,510 - 1,824)	1,517 (1,411 - 1,574)	1,524 (1,460 - 1,576)	0.012
Energy intake (kcal/kg IBW/day)	31.2 (29.7 - 34.4)	27.8 (26.5 - 31.8)	27.5 (26.0 - 31.6)	0.004
Protein (g/kg IBW/day)	1.24 (1.06 - 1.46)	1.20 (0.88 - 1.42)	1.20 (0.96 - 1.28)	0.417
Protein (% energy)	17.0 (13.0 - 18.0)	15.0 (13.3 - 18.0)	17.0 (15.2 - 17.5)	0.819
Fat (% energy)	28.0 (20.5 - 32.0)	27.0 (24.0 - 30.0)	26.0 (19.7 - 29.0)	0.307
Carbohydrate (% energy)	57.0 (52.5 - 62.2)	56.0 (54.6 - 59.8)	57.0 (56.8 - 63.5)	0.207
K (mg)	2,395 (1,787 - 2,941)	1,937 (1,166 - 2,565)	2,418 (1,965 - 2,658)	0.072
Fiber (g)	12.9 (8.9 - 17.7)	10.9 (7.0 - 15.2)	12.8 (11.0 - 20.4)	0.175
NaCl (g)	8.2 (5.8 - 10.5)	7.3 (5.0 - 8.4)	8.5 (6.2 - 9.1)	0.836
Systolic pressure (mm Hg) (n = 7)	140 (120 - 145)	130 (122 - 138)	140 (128 - 152)	0.565
Diastolic pressure (mm Hg) (n = 7)	70 (60 - 140)	80 (70 - 122)	80 (70 - 152)	0.141

Table 4. Change in Variables at 3 and 6 Months in the Protein Reduction Group (n = 10)

Baseline

3 months

6 months

P value

Data were expressed as median (25th percentile - 75th percentile). Friedman tests were performed for comparison of 3 time point. TG: triglyceride; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate.

BMI (kg/m²) (n = 9)

22.5 (20.5 - 25.6)

22.1 (20.5 - 24.3)

22.8 (20.6 - 24.3)

0.674

Body fat (%) (n = 5)

31.2 (23.6 - 33.9)

30.8 (23.7 - 34.8)

30.0 (24.3 - 33.1)

0.819

Total energy consumption (kcal/day) (n = 5)

1,385 (1,345 - 1,625)

1,483 (1,395 - 1,629)

1,474 (1,367 - 1,574)

0.041

Albumin (g/dL) (n = 6)

4.0 (3.8 - 4.3)

3.9 (3.8 - 4.4)

4.0 (3.7 - 4.1)

0.819

Total cholesterol (mg/dL) (n = 8)

178 (159 - 239)

180 (160 - 201)

192 (152 - 207)

0.687

TG (mg/dL) (n = 6)

122 (79 - 156)

100 (70 - 220)

104 (52 - 221)

1.000

BUN (mg/dL) (n = 9)

30.7 (27.8 - 44.8)

29.4 (26.8 - 43.4)

31.2 (26.4 - 37.2)

0.717

Creatinine (mg/dL) (n = 8)

1.3 (1.1 - 2.1)

1.3 (1.0 - 2.2)

1.2 (1.0 - 2.0)

0.417

K (mEq/L) (n = 7)

4.7 (4.4 - 5.5)

4.7 (4.1 - 5.6)

4.0 (4.0 - 5.1)

0.607

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²) (n = 9)

31.0 (21.5 - 37.1)

30.0 (21.8 - 44.2)

29.3 (22.0 - 43.7)

0.368

RBC (× 10⁴/μL) (n = 7)

385 (348 - 396)

352 (342 - 379)

365 (330 - 389)

0.163

Hemoglobin (g/dL) (n = 7)

11.4 (11.0 - 12.5)

10.9 (10.7 - 11.9)

11.6 (9.8 - 11.8)

0.276

Energy intake (kcal/day)

1,630 (1,510 - 1,824)

1,517 (1,411 - 1,574)

1,524 (1,460 - 1,576)

0.012

Energy intake (kcal/kg IBW/day)

31.2 (29.7 - 34.4)

27.8 (26.5 - 31.8)

27.5 (26.0 - 31.6)

0.004

Protein (g/kg IBW/day)

1.24 (1.06 - 1.46)

1.20 (0.88 - 1.42)

1.20 (0.96 - 1.28)

0.417

Protein (% energy)

17.0 (13.0 - 18.0)

15.0 (13.3 - 18.0)

17.0 (15.2 - 17.5)

0.819

Fat (% energy)

28.0 (20.5 - 32.0)

27.0 (24.0 - 30.0)

26.0 (19.7 - 29.0)

0.307

Carbohydrate (% energy)

57.0 (52.5 - 62.2)

56.0 (54.6 - 59.8)

57.0 (56.8 - 63.5)

0.207

K (mg)

2,395 (1,787 - 2,941)

1,937 (1,166 - 2,565)

2,418 (1,965 - 2,658)

0.072

Fiber (g)

12.9 (8.9 - 17.7)

10.9 (7.0 - 15.2)

12.8 (11.0 - 20.4)

0.175

NaCl (g)

8.2 (5.8 - 10.5)

7.3 (5.0 - 8.4)

8.5 (6.2 - 9.1)

0.836

Systolic pressure (mm Hg) (n = 7)

140 (120 - 145)

130 (122 - 138)

140 (128 - 152)

0.565

Diastolic pressure (mm Hg) (n = 7)

70 (60 - 140)

80 (70 - 122)

80 (70 - 152)

0.141