J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 9, Number 4, April 2017, pages 360-365

Determinants of Glycated Hemoglobin in Subjects With Impaired Glucose Tolerance: Subanalysis of the Japan Diabetes Prevention Program

Figure 1. Box plot of metabolic parameters according to sex. The bold horizontal line represents the median, and the box represents the bounds of the 25th and 75th percentiles. FPG: fasting plasma glucose; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; HOMA-β: homeostasis model assessment-beta-cell function; TG: triglycerides; HDL: high-density lipoprotein. *P < 0.05 (vs. men).

**Table 1.** Population Characteristics of Men and Women With Impaired Glucose Tolerance in the Japan Diabetes Prevention Study
Parameters	Men (n = 121)	Women (n = 124)	P-value
BMI: body mass index; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; HOMA-β: homeostasis model assessment-beta-cell function; HDL: high-density lipoprotein. The values are the percentage and median (25th - 75th percentiles).
Demographic parameters
Age, years	50.0 (46.0 - 56.0)	53.0 (49.5 - 57.0)	< 0.01
Current smoker, %	39.7	5.6	< 0.01
BMI, kg/m²	24.7 (23.2 - 26.6)	23.2 (21.9 - 26.0)	0.15
Waist circumference, cm	88.4 (83.0 - 92.0)	80.5 (74.3 - 88.0)	< 0.01
Blood pressure
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg	130.0 (118.0 - 140.0)	131.5 (120.0 - 140.0)	0.76
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg	80.0 (74.0 - 89.0)	80.0 (72.0 - 86.0)	0.24
Metabolic parameters
Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L	6.1 (5.8 - 6.5)	5.8 (5.5 - 6.3)	< 0.01
2-h post-load plasma glucose, mmol/L	9.1 (8.4 - 10.0)	8.8 (8.2 - 9.6)	0.03
HbA1c, %	5.7 (5.4 - 6.0)	5.8 (5.6 - 6.0)	< 0.01
HOMA-IR	1.9 (1.4 - 2.6)	1.5 (1.1 - 2.1)	< 0.01
HOMA-β	57.4 (43.3 - 72.0)	51.9 (36.3 - 75.7)	0.68
Triglycerides, mmol/L	3.6 (2.9 - 5.2)	2.4 (1.7 - 3.7)	< 0.01
HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L	1.3 (1.2 - 1.6)	1.5 (1.3 - 1.7)	< 0.01
Dietary factors
Total energy intake, kcal	2,471.1 (1,857.8 - 3,099.9)	2,123.2 (1,810.1 - 2,542.0)	< 0.01
Protein intake, g	86.7 (67.0 - 118.2)	89.2 (70.8 - 112.3)	0.46
Fat intake, g	67.4 (46.1 - 96.3)	64.4 (55.1 - 87.0)	0.49
Carbohydrate intake, g	305.9 (248.3 - 366.7)	283.8 (241.6 - 331.6)	0.06
Alcohol intake, g	22.5 (4.0 - 51.1)	0.4 (0.0 - 2.9)	< 0.01
Main carbohydrate-containing foods
White rice, g	111.3 (81.1 - 172.4)	89.0 (65.9 - 109.8)	< 0.01
Bread, g	18.4 (6.7 - 38.1)	18.7 (7.6 - 34.2)	0.96
Noodles, g	19.2 (9.8 - 31.5)	13.0 (7.2 - 22.6)	< 0.01
Fruit, g	8.0 (4.8 - 14.1)	15.1 (9.7 - 25.7)	< 0.01
Milk, g	5.6 (2.4 - 15.5)	12.1 (5.2 - 18.1)	0.01
Snacks, g	9.2 (4.5 - 18.9)	16.8 (10.6 - 30.4)	< 0.01
Energy expenditure, kcal	2,289.9 (2,107.4 - 2,544.5)	2,149.1 (1,879.4 - 2,433.8)	< 0.01

Table 1. Population Characteristics of Men and Women With Impaired Glucose Tolerance in the Japan Diabetes Prevention Study

Parameters

Men (n = 121)

Women (n = 124)

P-value

BMI: body mass index; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; HOMA-β: homeostasis model assessment-beta-cell function; HDL: high-density lipoprotein. The values are the percentage and median (25th - 75th percentiles).

Demographic parameters

Age, years

50.0 (46.0 - 56.0)

53.0 (49.5 - 57.0)

< 0.01

Current smoker, %

39.7

5.6

< 0.01

BMI, kg/m²

24.7 (23.2 - 26.6)

23.2 (21.9 - 26.0)

0.15

Waist circumference, cm

88.4 (83.0 - 92.0)

80.5 (74.3 - 88.0)

< 0.01

Blood pressure

Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg

130.0 (118.0 - 140.0)

131.5 (120.0 - 140.0)

0.76

Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg

80.0 (74.0 - 89.0)

80.0 (72.0 - 86.0)

0.24

Metabolic parameters

Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L

6.1 (5.8 - 6.5)

5.8 (5.5 - 6.3)

< 0.01

2-h post-load plasma glucose, mmol/L

9.1 (8.4 - 10.0)

8.8 (8.2 - 9.6)

0.03

HbA1c, %

5.7 (5.4 - 6.0)

5.8 (5.6 - 6.0)

< 0.01

HOMA-IR

1.9 (1.4 - 2.6)

1.5 (1.1 - 2.1)

< 0.01

HOMA-β

57.4 (43.3 - 72.0)

51.9 (36.3 - 75.7)

0.68

Triglycerides, mmol/L

3.6 (2.9 - 5.2)

2.4 (1.7 - 3.7)

< 0.01

HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L

1.3 (1.2 - 1.6)

1.5 (1.3 - 1.7)

< 0.01

Dietary factors

Total energy intake, kcal

2,471.1 (1,857.8 - 3,099.9)

2,123.2 (1,810.1 - 2,542.0)

< 0.01

Protein intake, g

86.7 (67.0 - 118.2)

89.2 (70.8 - 112.3)

0.46

Fat intake, g

67.4 (46.1 - 96.3)

64.4 (55.1 - 87.0)

0.49

Carbohydrate intake, g

305.9 (248.3 - 366.7)

283.8 (241.6 - 331.6)

0.06

Alcohol intake, g

22.5 (4.0 - 51.1)

0.4 (0.0 - 2.9)

< 0.01

Main carbohydrate-containing foods

White rice, g

111.3 (81.1 - 172.4)

89.0 (65.9 - 109.8)

< 0.01

Bread, g

18.4 (6.7 - 38.1)

18.7 (7.6 - 34.2)

0.96

Noodles, g

19.2 (9.8 - 31.5)

13.0 (7.2 - 22.6)

< 0.01

Fruit, g

8.0 (4.8 - 14.1)

15.1 (9.7 - 25.7)

< 0.01

Milk, g

5.6 (2.4 - 15.5)

12.1 (5.2 - 18.1)

0.01

Snacks, g

9.2 (4.5 - 18.9)

16.8 (10.6 - 30.4)

< 0.01

Energy expenditure, kcal

2,289.9 (2,107.4 - 2,544.5)

2,149.1 (1,879.4 - 2,433.8)

< 0.01

**Table 2.** Correlation Between HbA1c Levels and Respective Interest Parameters
Parameters	Men	Women
BMI: body mass index; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; HOMA-β: homeostasis model assessment-beta-cell function. “r” is a correlation coefficients.
Demographic parameters
Age, years	0.02	0.82	0.08	0.38
Current smoking, yes	0.02	0.81	0.07	0.42
BMI, kg/m²	0.29	< 0.01	0.08	0.40
Waist circumference, cm	0.26	< 0.01	0.05	0.57
Metabolic parameters
Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L	0.33	< 0.01	0.46	< 0.01
2-h post-load glucose, mmol/L	0.27	< 0.01	0.22	0.02
HOMA-IR	0.11	0.23	0.05	0.59
HOMA-β	-0.06	0.52	-0.27	< 0.01
Dietary factors
Total energy intake, kcal	0.09	0.35	0.03	0.71
Protein intake, g	0.07	0.42	0.01	0.90
Fat intake, g	0.07	0.42	0.02	0.82
Carbohydrate intake, g	0.24	0.01	0.05	0.61
Alcohol intake, g	-0.17	0.06	-0.14	0.12
Main carbohydrate-containing foods
White rice, g	0.34	< 0.01	-0.06	0.56
Bread, g	-0.07	0.48	0.25	0.01
Noodles, g	-0.09	0.34	0.16	0.11
Fruit, g	0.14	0.14	-0.05	0.65
Milk, g	0.18	0.07	-0.19	0.06
Snacks, g	0.06	0.53	0.15	0.13
Energy expenditure, kcal	0.18	0.046	0.07	0.42

Table 2. Correlation Between HbA1c Levels and Respective Interest Parameters

Parameters

Men

Women

P-value

BMI: body mass index; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; HOMA-β: homeostasis model assessment-beta-cell function. “r” is a correlation coefficients.

Demographic parameters

Age, years

0.02

0.82

0.08

0.38

Current smoking, yes

0.02

0.81

0.07

0.42

BMI, kg/m²

0.29

< 0.01

0.08

0.40

Waist circumference, cm

0.26

< 0.01

0.05

0.57

Metabolic parameters

Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L

0.33

< 0.01

0.46

< 0.01

2-h post-load glucose, mmol/L

0.27

< 0.01

0.22

0.02

HOMA-IR

0.11

0.23

0.05

0.59

HOMA-β

-0.06

0.52

-0.27

< 0.01

Dietary factors

Total energy intake, kcal

0.09

0.35

0.03

0.71

Protein intake, g

0.07

0.42

0.01

0.90

Fat intake, g

0.07

0.42

0.02

0.82

Carbohydrate intake, g

0.24

0.01

0.05

0.61

Alcohol intake, g

-0.17

0.06

-0.14

0.12

Main carbohydrate-containing foods

White rice, g

0.34

< 0.01

-0.06

0.56

Bread, g

-0.07

0.48

0.25

0.01

Noodles, g

-0.09

0.34

0.16

0.11

Fruit, g

0.14

-0.05

0.65

Milk, g

0.18

0.07

-0.19

0.06

Snacks, g

0.06

0.53

0.15

0.13

Energy expenditure, kcal

0.18

0.046

0.07

0.42

**Table 3.** Results of Stepwise Multiple Linear Regression Analysis to Evaluate the Effect of Independent Variables on HbA1c
Model by sex	Independent parameters	Beta	P-value	F	P -value	R²	Adjusted R²
HOMA-β: homeostasis model assessment-beta-cell function; BMI: body mass index.
Men	BMI	0.27	< 0.01	14.68	< 0.01	0.36	0.34
Fasting plasma glucose	0.28	< 0.01
2-h post-load glucose	0.23	< 0.01
White rice intake	0.33	< 0.01
Women	BMI	0.22	0.03	11.37	< 0.01	0.32	0.29
Fasting plasma glucose	0.37	< 0.001
HOMA-β	-0.28	0.01
Bread intake	0.21	0.02

Table 3. Results of Stepwise Multiple Linear Regression Analysis to Evaluate the Effect of Independent Variables on HbA1c

Model by sex

Independent parameters

Beta

P-value

P -value

R²

Adjusted R²

HOMA-β: homeostasis model assessment-beta-cell function; BMI: body mass index.

Men

BMI

0.27

< 0.01

14.68

< 0.01

0.36

0.34

Fasting plasma glucose

0.28

< 0.01

2-h post-load glucose

0.23

< 0.01

White rice intake

0.33

< 0.01

Women

BMI

0.22

0.03

11.37

< 0.01

0.32

0.29

Fasting plasma glucose

0.37

< 0.001

HOMA-β

-0.28

0.01

Bread intake

0.21

0.02