J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 9, Number 4, April 2017, pages 297-302

Relationships Among Conventional Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Lifestyle Habits With Arterial Stiffness in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

**Table 1.** Patients’ Characteristics (n = 724)
Data are presented as mean ± SD or number (proportion). ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; baPWV: brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; UAE: urinary albumin excretion; γ-GTP: γ-glutamyl transpeptidase.
Age (years)	57.8 ± 8.6
Gender (male)	455 (62.8)
Body mass index (kg/m²)	24.6 ± 4.1
Estimated history of diabetes (years)	9.9 ± 7.2
HbA1c (%)	7.0 ± 1.0
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	127 ± 14
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	77 ± 11
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	185 ± 28
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	59 ± 14
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	100 (70 - 152)
AST (U/L)	21 (18 - 27)
ALT (U/L)	22 (16 - 33)
γ-GTP (U/L)	25 (17 - 39)
Uric acid (mg/dL)	5.5 ± 1.2
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)	78 ± 18
UAE (mg/g creatinine)	10 (6 - 23)
Current smoker (yes)	173 (23.9)
Alcohol (g/day)	12.3 ± 21.5
Diabetic retinopathy	264 (36.6)
On treatment for (n, %)
Insulin therapy	79 (10.4)
Hypertension	346 (47.8)
Dyslipidemia	441 (60.9)
Antiplatelet
Morningness-eveningness questionnaire	57.4 ± 7.3
Pittsburgh sleep quality index	5.1 ± 3.0
Beck depression inventory-II	9.9 ± 7.7
Energy intake (kcal/day)	1,713 ± 582
Physical activity (METs·h/week)	42.9 ± 70.5
Sleep duration (h)	6.5 ± 1.2
baPWV (cm/s)	1,543 ± 280

Table 1. Patients’ Characteristics (n = 724)

Data are presented as mean ± SD or number (proportion). ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; baPWV: brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; UAE: urinary albumin excretion; γ-GTP: γ-glutamyl transpeptidase.

Age (years)

57.8 ± 8.6

Gender (male)

455 (62.8)

Body mass index (kg/m²)

24.6 ± 4.1

Estimated history of diabetes (years)

9.9 ± 7.2

HbA1c (%)

7.0 ± 1.0

Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

127 ± 14

Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

77 ± 11

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

185 ± 28

HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

59 ± 14

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

100 (70 - 152)

AST (U/L)

21 (18 - 27)

ALT (U/L)

22 (16 - 33)

γ-GTP (U/L)

25 (17 - 39)

Uric acid (mg/dL)

5.5 ± 1.2

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

78 ± 18

UAE (mg/g creatinine)

10 (6 - 23)

Current smoker (yes)

173 (23.9)

Alcohol (g/day)

12.3 ± 21.5

Diabetic retinopathy

264 (36.6)

On treatment for (n, %)

Insulin therapy

79 (10.4)

Hypertension

346 (47.8)

Dyslipidemia

441 (60.9)

Antiplatelet

Morningness-eveningness questionnaire

57.4 ± 7.3

Pittsburgh sleep quality index

5.1 ± 3.0

Beck depression inventory-II

9.9 ± 7.7

Energy intake (kcal/day)

1,713 ± 582

Physical activity (METs·h/week)

42.9 ± 70.5

Sleep duration (h)

6.5 ± 1.2

baPWV (cm/s)

1,543 ± 280

**Table 2.** Results of Multiple Linear Regression Analysis for the Variables Associated With baPWV
Variable	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
Multiple linear regression analysis included age and gender (model 1), model 1 plus body mass index, estimated duration of diabetes, HbA1c, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglyceride, AST, ALT, γ-GTP, serum uric acid, eGFR and UAE (model 2), model 2 plus current smoker, alcohol, diabetic retinopathy, insulin therapy, hypertension medication, hyperlipidemia medication and anti-platelet agents (model 3), model 3 plus morningness-eveningness questionnaire, Pittsburgh sleep quality index, Beck depression inventory-II, energy intake (kcal/day), physical activity (kcal/day) and sleep time (model 4). Est: standardized estimate of regression parameter; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; baPWV: brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; UAE: urinary albumin excretion; γ-GTP: γ-glutamyl transpeptidase.
Age (years)	11.99	< 0.001	8.59	< 0.001	8.13	< 0.001	8.04	< 0.001
Gender (female)	-2.18	0.03	-1.14	0.26	-0.94	0.35	-1.04	0.3
Body mass index (kg/m²)			-5.43	< 0.001	-5.33	< 0.001	-5.40	< 0.001
Estimated duration of diabetes (years)			2.06	0.039	2.07	0.039	2.16	0.031
HbA1c (%)			2.23	0.026	1.98	0.048	1.78	0.076
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)			7.31	< 0.001	7.09	< 0.001	7.00	< 0.001
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)			-0.55	0.58	-0.73	0.47	-0.74	0.46
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)			1.85	0.065	1.68	0.094	1.65	0.1
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)			-1.37	0.17	-1.21	0.23	-1.30	0.2
Log triglyceride (mg/dL)			1.15	0.25	1.38	0.17	1.35	0.18
Log AST (U/L)			1.26	0.21	1.02	0.31	0.86	0.39
Log ALT (U/L)			-0.50	0.61	-0.20	0.84	0.06	0.95
Log γ-GTP (U/L)			0.13	0.9	0.32	0.75	0.22	0.83
Uric acid (mg/dL)			3.13	0.002	2.83	0.005	2.88	0.004
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)			0.99	0.32	0.87	0.38	0.97	0.33
Log UAE (mg/g creatinine)			3.11	0.002	2.61	0.009	2.51	0.012
Current smoker (yes)					-0.31	0.75	-0.22	0.82
Alcohol (g/day)					-0.22	0.82	-0.05	0.96
Diabetic retinopathy (yes)					1.16	0.25	1.22	0.22
Insulin therapy (yes)					-0.76	0.45	-0.72	0.47
Hypertension medication (yes)					0.85	0.4	0.76	0.45
Dyslipidemia medication (yes)					-1.10	0.27	-1.19	0.24
Anti-platelet agent (yes)					0.97	0.33	0.85	0.4
Morningness-eveningness questionnaire (16 - 52, 53 - 64, 65 - 86)							-0.70	0.49
Pittsburgh sleep quality index (< 5, 6 - 8, ≥ 9)							2.48	0.013
Beck depression inventory-II							-1.15	0.25
Energy intake (kcal/day)							-0.97	0.33
Physical activity (METs·h/week)							-1.44	0.15
Sleep time (h)							1.63	0.1

Table 2. Results of Multiple Linear Regression Analysis for the Variables Associated With baPWV

Variable

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Est

Multiple linear regression analysis included age and gender (model 1), model 1 plus body mass index, estimated duration of diabetes, HbA1c, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglyceride, AST, ALT, γ-GTP, serum uric acid, eGFR and UAE (model 2), model 2 plus current smoker, alcohol, diabetic retinopathy, insulin therapy, hypertension medication, hyperlipidemia medication and anti-platelet agents (model 3), model 3 plus morningness-eveningness questionnaire, Pittsburgh sleep quality index, Beck depression inventory-II, energy intake (kcal/day), physical activity (kcal/day) and sleep time (model 4). Est: standardized estimate of regression parameter; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; baPWV: brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; UAE: urinary albumin excretion; γ-GTP: γ-glutamyl transpeptidase.

Age (years)

11.99

< 0.001

8.59

< 0.001

8.13

< 0.001

8.04

< 0.001

Gender (female)

-2.18

0.03

-1.14

0.26

-0.94

0.35

-1.04

0.3

Body mass index (kg/m²)

-5.43

< 0.001

-5.33

< 0.001

-5.40

< 0.001

Estimated duration of diabetes (years)

2.06

0.039

2.07

0.039

2.16

0.031

HbA1c (%)

2.23

0.026

1.98

0.048

1.78

0.076

Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

7.31

< 0.001

7.09

< 0.001

7.00

< 0.001

Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

-0.55

0.58

-0.73

0.47

-0.74

0.46

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

1.85

0.065

1.68

0.094

1.65

0.1

HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

-1.37

0.17

-1.21

0.23

-1.30

0.2

Log triglyceride (mg/dL)

1.15

0.25

1.38

0.17

1.35

0.18

Log AST (U/L)

1.26

0.21

1.02

0.31

0.86

0.39

Log ALT (U/L)

-0.50

0.61

-0.20

0.84

0.06

0.95

Log γ-GTP (U/L)

0.13

0.9

0.32

0.75

0.22

0.83

Uric acid (mg/dL)

3.13

0.002

2.83

0.005

2.88

0.004

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

0.99

0.32

0.87

0.38

0.97

0.33

Log UAE (mg/g creatinine)

3.11

0.002

2.61

0.009

2.51

0.012

Current smoker (yes)

-0.31

0.75

-0.22

0.82

Alcohol (g/day)

-0.22

0.82

-0.05

0.96

Diabetic retinopathy (yes)

1.16

0.25

1.22

0.22

Insulin therapy (yes)

-0.76

0.45

-0.72

0.47

Hypertension medication (yes)

0.85

0.4

0.76

0.45

Dyslipidemia medication (yes)

-1.10

0.27

-1.19

0.24

Anti-platelet agent (yes)

0.97

0.33

0.85

0.4

Morningness-eveningness questionnaire (16 - 52, 53 - 64, 65 - 86)

-0.70

0.49

Pittsburgh sleep quality index (< 5, 6 - 8, ≥ 9)

2.48

0.013

Beck depression inventory-II

-1.15

0.25

Energy intake (kcal/day)

-0.97

0.33

Physical activity (METs·h/week)

-1.44

0.15

Sleep time (h)

1.63

0.1