J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 8, Number 8, August 2016, pages 598-604

Association of Arterial Pressure Volume Index With the Presence of Significantly Stenosed Coronary Vessels

Figure 1. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) (a), arterial velocity pulse index (AVI) (b), and arterial pressure volume index (API) (c) in patients who did not have significant stenosed coronary vessel disease (non-SVD group, open bars) and in those who had at least one significantly stenosed coronary vessel (SVD group, closed bars).

Figure 2. Associations between central systolic blood pressure (CSBP) and estimated CSBP (eCSBP) and between central pulse pressure (CPP) and estimated CPP (eCPP) in all patients.

Figure 3. Associations between brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and arterial velocity pulse index (AVI) (a), baPWV and arterial pressure volume index (API) (b), and AVI and API (c).

Figure 4. Cut-off value of arterial pressure volume index (API) in patients with at least one significantly stenosed coronary vessel (SVD group) by a receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

**Table 1.** Patient Characteristics in the All Patients, and in the Non-SVD and SVD Groups
	All (n = 108)	Non-SVD (n = 33)	SVD (n = 75)
BMI: body mass index; HTN: hypertension; DL: dyslipidemia; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; DM: diabetes mellitus; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; ARB/ACE-I: angiotensin II receptor blocker/angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; CCB: calcium channel blocker; OHA: oral hypoglycemic agent. P < 0.05, *P < 0.01 vs. non-SVD group.
Age, years	70 ± 10	68±9	71 ± 9
Male, n (%)	86 (80)	24 (76)	61 (81)
BMI, kg/m²	23.3 ± 3.4	23.2 ± 4.0	23.3 ± 3.2
Smoking, n (%)	72 (67)	22 (67)	50 (67)
HTN, n (%)	79 (73)	20 (61)	59 (79)
DL, n (%)	77 (71)	17 (52)	60 (80)**
HDL-C, mg/dL	48 ± 13	51 ± 11	47 ± 14
LDL-C, mg/dL	99 ± 33	99 ± 27	98 ± 36
TG, mg/dL	134 ± 79	144 ± 112	130 ± 60
DM, n (%)	47 (43)	9 (27)	38 (50)*
HbA1c, %	6.5 ± 1.1	6.4 ± 1.1	6.6 ± 1.1
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²	60 ± 19	63 ± 19	59 ± 18
Medication, n (%)
ARB/ACE-I	68 (64)	18 (55)	50 (68)
CCB	60 (56)	17 (52)	43 (58)
Nitrate	15 (14)	1 (3)	14 (19)*
β-blocker	46 (46)	9 (27)	37 (50)*
Statin	77 (72)	18 (55)	59 (80)*
Insulin	9 (9)	3 (11)	6 (8)
OHA	41 (38)	8 (24)	33 (45)*

Table 1. Patient Characteristics in the All Patients, and in the Non-SVD and SVD Groups

All (n = 108)

Non-SVD (n = 33)

SVD (n = 75)

BMI: body mass index; HTN: hypertension; DL: dyslipidemia; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; DM: diabetes mellitus; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; ARB/ACE-I: angiotensin II receptor blocker/angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; CCB: calcium channel blocker; OHA: oral hypoglycemic agent. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. non-SVD group.

Age, years

70 ± 10

68±9

71 ± 9

Male, n (%)

86 (80)

24 (76)

61 (81)

BMI, kg/m²

23.3 ± 3.4

23.2 ± 4.0

23.3 ± 3.2

Smoking, n (%)

72 (67)

22 (67)

50 (67)

HTN, n (%)

79 (73)

20 (61)

59 (79)

DL, n (%)

77 (71)

17 (52)

60 (80)**

HDL-C, mg/dL

48 ± 13

51 ± 11

47 ± 14

LDL-C, mg/dL

99 ± 33

99 ± 27

98 ± 36

TG, mg/dL

134 ± 79

144 ± 112

130 ± 60

DM, n (%)

47 (43)

9 (27)

38 (50)*

HbA1c, %

6.5 ± 1.1

6.4 ± 1.1

6.6 ± 1.1

eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²

60 ± 19

63 ± 19

59 ± 18

Medication, n (%)

ARB/ACE-I

68 (64)

18 (55)

50 (68)

CCB

60 (56)

17 (52)

43 (58)

Nitrate

15 (14)

1 (3)

14 (19)*

β-blocker

46 (46)

9 (27)

37 (50)*

Statin

77 (72)

18 (55)

59 (80)*

Insulin

9 (9)

3 (11)

6 (8)

OHA

41 (38)

8 (24)

33 (45)*

**Table 2.** Hemodynamic Parameters in the All Patients, and in the Non-SVD and SVD Groups
	All (n = 108)	Non-SVD (n = 33)	SVD (n = 75)
SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic BP; PP: pulse pressure; PR: pulse rate; AVI: arterial velocity pulse index; API: arterial pressure volume index; eCSBP: estimated central SBP: baPWV: brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; Rt: right; Lt: left; M: mean; ABI: ankle-brachial pressure index; UCG: ultrasound echocardiography; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVDd: LV dimension at end-diastole; LVDs: LV dimension at end-systole; IVS: intraventricular septum; LVPW: left ventricular posterior wall. *P < 0.05 vs. non-SVD group.
PASESA^®
SBP, mm Hg	135 ± 22	130 ± 21	137 ± 23
DBP, mm Hg	74 ± 11	75 ± 9	73 ± 11
PP, mm Hg	61 ± 20	56 ± 17	64 ± 20
PR, mm Hg	66 ± 14	69 ± 16	65 ± 13
AVI, unit	32 ± 10	29 ± 11	33 ± 10
API, unit	27 ± 8	24 ± 8	28 ± 7*
eCSBP, mm Hg	149 ± 22	144 ± 21	151 ± 23
eCPP, mm Hg	74 ± 21	68 ± 19	77 ± 21
baPWV
Rt. baPWV, cm/s	1,709 ± 365	1,618 ± 326	1,744 ± 376
Lt. baPWV, cm/s	1,712 ± 354	1,620 ± 285	1,749 ± 374
M. baPWV, cm/s	1,710 ± 355	1,619 ± 303	1,747 ± 369
ABI
Rt. ABI	1.11 ± 0.12	1.10 ± 0.14	1.11 ± 0.12
Lt. ABI	1.10 ± 0.10	1.09 ± 0.10	1.10 ± 0.10
M. ABI	1.10 ± 0.10	1.10 ± 0.11	1.11 ± 0.10
UCG
LVEF, %	59 ± 13	60 ± 15	59 ± 13
LVDd, mm	46 ± 8	45 ± 7	46 ± 8
LVDs, mm	31 ± 8	31 ± 8	32 ± 8
IVS, mm	9.8 ± 1.8	9.5 ± 2.2	10.0 ± 1.6
LVPW, mm	10.3 ± 1.7	9.9 ± 1.5	10.4 ± 1.7
E/A	0.9 ± 0.5	1.0 ± 0.8	0.8 ± 0.4
Heart catheterization
CSBP, mm Hg	149 ± 30	144 ± 34	151 ± 28
CDBP, mm Hg	66 ± 13	96 ± 17	95 ± 17
CPP, mm Hg	82 ± 27	75 ± 30	85 ± 26

Table 2. Hemodynamic Parameters in the All Patients, and in the Non-SVD and SVD Groups

All (n = 108)

Non-SVD (n = 33)

SVD (n = 75)

SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic BP; PP: pulse pressure; PR: pulse rate; AVI: arterial velocity pulse index; API: arterial pressure volume index; eCSBP: estimated central SBP: baPWV: brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; Rt: right; Lt: left; M: mean; ABI: ankle-brachial pressure index; UCG: ultrasound echocardiography; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVDd: LV dimension at end-diastole; LVDs: LV dimension at end-systole; IVS: intraventricular septum; LVPW: left ventricular posterior wall. *P < 0.05 vs. non-SVD group.

PASESA^®

SBP, mm Hg

135 ± 22

130 ± 21

137 ± 23

DBP, mm Hg

74 ± 11

75 ± 9

73 ± 11

PP, mm Hg

61 ± 20

56 ± 17

64 ± 20

PR, mm Hg

66 ± 14

69 ± 16

65 ± 13

AVI, unit

32 ± 10

29 ± 11

33 ± 10

API, unit

27 ± 8

24 ± 8

28 ± 7*

eCSBP, mm Hg

149 ± 22

144 ± 21

151 ± 23

eCPP, mm Hg

74 ± 21

68 ± 19

77 ± 21

baPWV

Rt. baPWV, cm/s

1,709 ± 365

1,618 ± 326

1,744 ± 376

Lt. baPWV, cm/s

1,712 ± 354

1,620 ± 285

1,749 ± 374

M. baPWV, cm/s

1,710 ± 355

1,619 ± 303

1,747 ± 369

ABI

Rt. ABI

1.11 ± 0.12

1.10 ± 0.14

1.11 ± 0.12

Lt. ABI

1.10 ± 0.10

1.09 ± 0.10

1.10 ± 0.10

M. ABI

1.10 ± 0.10

1.10 ± 0.11

1.11 ± 0.10

UCG

LVEF, %

59 ± 13

60 ± 15

59 ± 13

LVDd, mm

46 ± 8

45 ± 7

46 ± 8

LVDs, mm

31 ± 8

32 ± 8

IVS, mm

9.8 ± 1.8

9.5 ± 2.2

10.0 ± 1.6

LVPW, mm

10.3 ± 1.7

9.9 ± 1.5

10.4 ± 1.7

E/A

0.9 ± 0.5

1.0 ± 0.8

0.8 ± 0.4

Heart catheterization

CSBP, mm Hg

149 ± 30

144 ± 34

151 ± 28

CDBP, mm Hg

66 ± 13

96 ± 17

95 ± 17

CPP, mm Hg

82 ± 27

75 ± 30

85 ± 26

**Table 3.** Association Between SVD and Various Factors
Factors	OR (95% CI)	P value
OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval. Other abbreviations as shown in Table 1.
Age > 65 years	1.058 (0.321 - 3.491)	0.926
Gender	0.417 (0.119 - 1.458)	0.171
BMI	0.915 (0.790 - 1.060)	0.235
DL	2.159 (0.576 - 8.089)	0.253
DM	1.884 (0.400 - 8.870)	0.423
API	1.081 (1.003 - 1.165)	0.042
β-blocker	3.143 (1.091 - 9.052)	0.034
Nitrate	4.250 (0.480 - 37.65)	0.194
Statin	1.566 (0.405 - 6.045)	0.516
OHA	0.927 (0.198 - 4.328)	0.923

Table 3. Association Between SVD and Various Factors

Factors

OR (95% CI)

P value

OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval. Other abbreviations as shown in Table 1.

Age > 65 years

1.058 (0.321 - 3.491)

0.926

Gender

0.417 (0.119 - 1.458)

0.171

BMI

0.915 (0.790 - 1.060)

0.235

2.159 (0.576 - 8.089)

0.253

1.884 (0.400 - 8.870)

0.423

API

1.081 (1.003 - 1.165)

0.042

β-blocker

3.143 (1.091 - 9.052)

0.034

Nitrate

4.250 (0.480 - 37.65)

0.194

Statin

1.566 (0.405 - 6.045)

0.516

OHA

0.927 (0.198 - 4.328)

0.923