Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access
Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc
Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Review

Volume 6, Number 5, October 2014, pages 321-326


Effects of Carbohydrate and Dietary Fiber Intake, Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load on HDL Metabolism in Asian Populations

Tables

Table 1. Meta-Analysis and Systematic Reviews About Effects of Carbohydrate Intake on HDL-C
 
AuthorsStudy designSubjects studiedResults/conclusions
BMI: body mass index; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HFLC: high-fat low-carbohydrate; LFHC: low-fat high-carbohydrate.
Hu et al [8]Low-carbohydrate diets (≤ 45%) vs. low-fat diets (≤ 30%) on metabolic risk factors2,788 participantsCompared with low-fat diets, low-carbohydrate diets induced a greater increase in HDL-C (3.3 mg/dL; 95% CI, 1.9 - 4.7)
Huth et al [9]The relationship between milk fat containing dairy foods and cardiovascular risk factorsA diet higher in saturated fat from whole milk and butter increase HDL-C when substituted for carbohydrates or unsaturated fatty acids
Hession et al [10]Low-carbohydrate diets vs. low-fat/low-calorie dietsAdults with BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2There were significant differences between the groups for HDL-C, favoring the low-carbohydrate diet
Crawford et al [11]Systemic review on dietary factors on metabolic parametersLow-carbohydrate diets raise HDL-C by approximately 10%
Kodama et al [12]Influence of fat and carbohydrate proportions on metabolic parameters306 patients with type 2 diabetesLFHC diet significantly lowered HDL-C by 6% (P < 0.001) compared with HFLC diet
Nordmann et al [13]Low-carbohydrate vs. low-fat diets on cardiovascular risk factors447 individualsHDL-C changed more favorably in individuals assigned to low-carbohydrate diets after 6 months by 4.6 mg/dL (95% CI, 1.5 - 8.1)
Mensink et al [14]Effect of changes in carbohydrate and fatty acid intake on serum lipid and lipoprotein levels27 controlled trialsAll fatty acids elevated HDL-C when substituted for carbohydrates

 

Table 2. Clinical Trials to Study Effects of Dietary Fiber Intake on HDL-C, Performed in Asian Populations
 
AuthorsNationality of subjectsStudy designSubjects studiedResults/conclusions
HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; TC: total cholesterol.
Zhang et al [18]ChinaDaily 100 g of instant oat cereal vs. 100 g of wheat flour-based noodles for 6 weeksAdults with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemiaHDL-C decreased significantly in the control group vs. the oat group
Singh et al [19]IndiaSoluble dietary fiber and a potassium-rich diet containing 0.5 - 1.0 kg of guava daily (group A) vs. an usual diet (group B) for 4 weeks145 hypertensive patientsAn insignificant increase in HDL-C (4.6%) with a mild increase in TC/ HDL-C in group A patients compared with group B
Singh et al [20]IndiaGuava fruit preferably before meals in a foods-to-eat approach rather than foods-to-restrict, in a randomized and single-blind fashion for 12 weeks120 patients with essential hypertensionA significant net increase in HDL-C (8.0%) after 12 weeks of guava fruit substitution
Zhang et al [21]ChinaAn ordinary diet plus foods containing refined konjac meal vs. the ordinary diet for 45 days110 elderly people with hyperlipidemiaIn the experimental group, HDL-C was significantly elevated (P < 0.01). In the control group, the change in HDL-C was insignificant. The difference in HDL-C between the two groups was statistically significant

 

Table 3. Clinical Trials to Study Effects of GI and GL on HDL-C, Performed in Asian Populations
 
AuthorsNationality of subjectsStudy designSubjects studiedResults/conclusions
CI: confidence interval; CVD: cardiovascular disease; GI: glycemic index; GL: glycemic load; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol.
Choi et al [28]KoreaThe association between dietary carbohydrates and low HDL-C prevalenceA total of 9,947 Korean adults older than 20 yearsOdds ratios for having low HDL-C in the highest quintile were 1.66 (95% CI, 1.24 - 2.22) for total carbohydrate, 1.34 (1.02 - 1.75) for percentage of energy from carbohydrate, and 1.54 (1.17 - 2.03) for GL in men as compared with the second quintile as a reference. Odds ratio for low HDL-C was 1.38 (1.12 - 1.71) for percentage of energy from carbohydrate in women.
Murakami et al [29]JapanThe associations between dietary GI and GL and metabolic risk factors1,354 Japanese female farmers aged 20 - 78 years from five regions of JapanDietary GL was independently negatively correlated with HDL-C (n = 1,354; P = 0.004)
Amano et al [30]JapanThe associations between dietary GI, GL and CVD risk factorsA total of 32 women aged 52.5 ± 7.2 years participated in the weight-reduction programIn the lowest GI tertile, the highest concentration of HDL-C was observed (P < 0.01). In the lowest GL tertile, the highest concentration of HDL-C was observed (P < 0.05)