J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 6, Number 5, October 2014, pages 354-361

Effect of Statins on Endothelial Function in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Prospective Study Using Adhesion Molecules and Flow-Mediated Dilatation

Figure 1. Correlations between %FMD and E-selectin and sICAM-1 levels in patients before and after treatment (mean ± SD).

**Table 1.** Characteristics and Biochemical Markers of Endothelial Dysfunction According to Group (Mean ± SD)
	Control (n = 26)	Patient (n = 30)
*P < 0.001, patient vs. control group. BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; DM: diabetes mellitus; HT: hypertension; HL: hyperlipidemia; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; GGT: gamma glutamyl transpeptidase; CK-MB: creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme; cTnI: cardiac troponin I.
Age (years)	49.69 ± 6.23	52.5 ± 9.16
Weight (kg)	74.69 ± 6.10	78.47 ± 10.92
Height (cm)	170.4 ± 4.89	171.7 ± 5.3
BMI (kg/m²)	25.6 ± 1.47	26.57 ± 3.13
Systolic BP (mm Hg)	118.3 ± 13.8*	132.3 ± 21.2
Diastolic BP (mm Hg)	81.2 ± 4.1	88.3 ± 13.1
Smoking (%)	86	77
DM (%)	0*	36
HT (%)	0*	42
HL (%)	0*	28
Glucose (mg/dL)	88.19 ± 9.45	93.07 ± 7.78
BUN (mg/dL)	13.9 ± 2.80	15.83 ± 3.46
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.77 ± 0.12	0.98 ± 0.14
ALT (U/L)	20.77 ± 5.64	31.07 ± 8.56
GGT (U/L)	22.39 ± 11.92	28.50 ± 6.96
Total protein (mg/dL)	7.46 ± 0.45	7.45 ± 0.54
Albumin (mg/dL)	4.58 ± 0.23	3.95 ± 0.51
CK-MB (U/L)	0 - 25*	57.77 ± 18.62
cTnI (ng/mL, baseline)	0 - 0.4*	6.44 ± 2.24
cTnI (ng/mL, highest value)	N/A	33.92 ± 13.98

Table 1. Characteristics and Biochemical Markers of Endothelial Dysfunction According to Group (Mean ± SD)

Control (n = 26)

Patient (n = 30)

*P < 0.001, patient vs. control group. BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; DM: diabetes mellitus; HT: hypertension; HL: hyperlipidemia; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; GGT: gamma glutamyl transpeptidase; CK-MB: creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme; cTnI: cardiac troponin I.

Age (years)

49.69 ± 6.23

52.5 ± 9.16

Weight (kg)

74.69 ± 6.10

78.47 ± 10.92

Height (cm)

170.4 ± 4.89

171.7 ± 5.3

BMI (kg/m²)

25.6 ± 1.47

26.57 ± 3.13

Systolic BP (mm Hg)

118.3 ± 13.8*

132.3 ± 21.2

Diastolic BP (mm Hg)

81.2 ± 4.1

88.3 ± 13.1

Smoking (%)

DM (%)

HT (%)

HL (%)

Glucose (mg/dL)

88.19 ± 9.45

93.07 ± 7.78

BUN (mg/dL)

13.9 ± 2.80

15.83 ± 3.46

Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.77 ± 0.12

0.98 ± 0.14

ALT (U/L)

20.77 ± 5.64

31.07 ± 8.56

GGT (U/L)

22.39 ± 11.92

28.50 ± 6.96

Total protein (mg/dL)

7.46 ± 0.45

7.45 ± 0.54

Albumin (mg/dL)

4.58 ± 0.23

3.95 ± 0.51

CK-MB (U/L)

0 - 25*

57.77 ± 18.62

cTnI (ng/mL, baseline)

0 - 0.4*

6.44 ± 2.24

cTnI (ng/mL, highest value)

N/A

33.92 ± 13.98

**Table 2.** Pre- and Post-Treatment Lipid Values According to Group (Mean ± SD)
	Control (n = 26)	Patient before treatment (n = 30)	Patient 3 months after treatment (n = 30)	Control 3 months after follow-up (n = 26)
P < 0.001, *P < 0.05 pre- vs. post-treatment. LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; VLDL: very-low-density lipoprotein; T: total.
T-cholesterol (mg/dL)	188.0 ± 29.23	194.3 ± 42.48	168.3 ± 25.26*	182 ± 31.3
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	119.1 ± 23.31	123.1 ± 28.94	98.70 ± 16.14*	122 ± 29.2
VLDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	28.15 ± 13.41	35.67 ± 21.62	31.87 ± 10.56	27.1 ± 16.4
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	40.69 ± 9.25	36.33 ± 8.30	37.70 ± 7.40	41.2 ± 8.5
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	140.8 ± 66.98	173.4 ± 94.27	147.4 ± 59.00**	145 ± 56.8

Table 2. Pre- and Post-Treatment Lipid Values According to Group (Mean ± SD)

Control (n = 26)

Patient before treatment (n = 30)

Patient 3 months after treatment (n = 30)

Control 3 months after follow-up (n = 26)

*P < 0.001, **P < 0.05 pre- vs. post-treatment. LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; VLDL: very-low-density lipoprotein; T: total.

T-cholesterol (mg/dL)

188.0 ± 29.23

194.3 ± 42.48

168.3 ± 25.26*

182 ± 31.3

LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

119.1 ± 23.31

123.1 ± 28.94

98.70 ± 16.14*

122 ± 29.2

VLDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

28.15 ± 13.41

35.67 ± 21.62

31.87 ± 10.56

27.1 ± 16.4

HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

40.69 ± 9.25

36.33 ± 8.30

37.70 ± 7.40

41.2 ± 8.5

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

140.8 ± 66.98

173.4 ± 94.27

147.4 ± 59.00**

145 ± 56.8

**Table 3.** Biochemical Marker Levels in the Control Group and in Patients Before and After Statin Treatment (Mean ± SD)
	Control (n = 26)	Patient before treatment (n = 30)	Patient 3 months after treatment (n = 30)	Control 3 months after follow-up
E-selectin: endothelial selectin; sICAM-1: soluble intercellular adhesion molecule; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. ^aP < 0.001 patient vs. control group at baseline. ^bP < 0.05 patient vs. control group at the 3-month follow-up. P < 0.001, *P < 0.05 pre- vs. post-treatment in the patient group.
E-selectin (ng/mL)	78.66 ± 24.74	99.74 ± 34.67^a	89.15 ± 30.50*	81.3 ± 26.3
sICAM-1 (ng/mL)	387.5 ± 113.5	568.8 ± 149.0^a	490.2 ± 133.0*	422 ± 123.2^b
Endothelin (fmol/mL)	0.69 ± 0.33	0.62 ± 0.33	0.55 ± 0.20	0.62 ± 0.21
hs-CRP (mg/L)	1.07 ± 0.79	21.30 ± 39.10^a	3.01 ± 0.83**	2.2 ± 0.81^b

Table 3. Biochemical Marker Levels in the Control Group and in Patients Before and After Statin Treatment (Mean ± SD)

Control (n = 26)

Patient before treatment (n = 30)

Patient 3 months after treatment (n = 30)

Control 3 months after follow-up

E-selectin: endothelial selectin; sICAM-1: soluble intercellular adhesion molecule; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. ^aP < 0.001 patient vs. control group at baseline. ^bP < 0.05 patient vs. control group at the 3-month follow-up. *P < 0.001, **P < 0.05 pre- vs. post-treatment in the patient group.

E-selectin (ng/mL)

78.66 ± 24.74

99.74 ± 34.67^a

89.15 ± 30.50*

81.3 ± 26.3

sICAM-1 (ng/mL)

387.5 ± 113.5

568.8 ± 149.0^a

490.2 ± 133.0*

422 ± 123.2^b

Endothelin (fmol/mL)

0.69 ± 0.33

0.62 ± 0.33

0.55 ± 0.20

0.62 ± 0.21

hs-CRP (mg/L)

1.07 ± 0.79

21.30 ± 39.10^a

3.01 ± 0.83**

2.2 ± 0.81^b

**Table 4.** Brachial Artery Diameter Before (Basal) and After Stimulation and %FMD in the Control Group and in the Patients Before and After Statin Treatment (Mean ± SD)
	Control (n = 26)	Patient before treatment (n = 30)	Patient after treatment (n = 30)	Control 3 month follow-up
P < 0.01, *P < 0.05, patient group pre- vs. post-stimulation. FMD: flow-mediated dilatation.
Basal brachial artery diameter (mm)	3.86 ± 0.43	3.67 ± 0.60	3.87 ± 0.71	3.9 ± 0.92
Artery diameter after stimulation (mm)	4.06 ± 0.44	382 ± 0.59	4.15 ± 0.70*	4.4 ± 0.75
FMD (%)	5.33 ± 5.57	4.86 ± 4.76	7.60 ± 6.23**	6.9 ± 5.6

Table 4. Brachial Artery Diameter Before (Basal) and After Stimulation and %FMD in the Control Group and in the Patients Before and After Statin Treatment (Mean ± SD)

Control (n = 26)

Patient before treatment (n = 30)

Patient after treatment (n = 30)

Control 3 month follow-up

*P < 0.01, **P < 0.05, patient group pre- vs. post-stimulation. FMD: flow-mediated dilatation.

Basal brachial artery diameter (mm)

3.86 ± 0.43

3.67 ± 0.60

3.87 ± 0.71

3.9 ± 0.92

Artery diameter after stimulation (mm)

4.06 ± 0.44

382 ± 0.59

4.15 ± 0.70*

4.4 ± 0.75

FMD (%)

5.33 ± 5.57

4.86 ± 4.76

7.60 ± 6.23**

6.9 ± 5.6

**Table 5.** Correlation Between E-Selectin and FMD and Biochemical Markers of Endothelial Dysfunction Before and After Statin Treatment in the Patients (Mean ± SD)
E-selectin	Before treatment	After treatment
*P < 0.05. sICAM-1: soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; FMD: flow-mediated dilatation.
%FMD change	-0.452	0.012*	-0.341	0.065
sICAM-1	0.434	0.016*	0.278	0.142
Endothelin	0.132	0.488	0.297	0.111
hs-CRP	0.078	0.682	0.099	0.601
Total-cholesterol	0.367	0.046*	0.347	0.060
LDL-cholesterol	0.385	0.036*	0.429	0.018*
Triglyceride	0.058	0.763	-0.101	0.596

Table 5. Correlation Between E-Selectin and FMD and Biochemical Markers of Endothelial Dysfunction Before and After Statin Treatment in the Patients (Mean ± SD)

E-selectin

Before treatment

After treatment

Correlation factor (r)

P value

Correlation factor (r)

P value

*P < 0.05. sICAM-1: soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; FMD: flow-mediated dilatation.

%FMD change

-0.452

0.012*

-0.341

0.065

sICAM-1

0.434

0.016*

0.278

0.142

Endothelin

0.132

0.488

0.297

0.111

hs-CRP

0.078

0.682

0.099

0.601

Total-cholesterol

0.367

0.046*

0.347

0.060

LDL-cholesterol

0.385

0.036*

0.429

0.018*

Triglyceride

0.058

0.763

-0.101

0.596