J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 6, Number 5, October 2014, pages 336-344

Psychological Distress, Personality Traits and Functional Disability in Patients With Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head

**Table 1.** Characteristics of the Osteonecrosis Group
	N	%
Sex
Men	48	71.6
Women	19	28.4
Age (years), mean ± SD	37.6 ± 10.9
Duration of disease, mean ± SD	20.0 ± 10.5
Multiple lesions
No	42	62.7
Yes	25	37.3
ASA
I-II	30	44.8
III-IV	37	55.2
WHODASII, mean ± SD	27.3 ± 21.0

Table 1. Characteristics of the Osteonecrosis Group

Sex

Men

71.6

Women

28.4

Age (years), mean ± SD

37.6 ± 10.9

Duration of disease, mean ± SD

20.0 ± 10.5

Multiple lesions

62.7

Yes

37.3

ASA

I-II

44.8

III-IV

55.2

WHODASII, mean ± SD

27.3 ± 21.0

**Table 2.** Comparison of GHQ and DSQ Scales Between the Osteonecrosis and the Control Group
	Osteonecrosis group (N = 67)	Control group (N = 75)	P Student’s t-test
GHQ
Somatic symptoms	11.7 ± 3.7	9.5 ± 2.6	< 0.001
Anxiety	12.7 ± 4.3	12.1 ± 3	0.321
Social dysfunction	14.9 ± 4	8.8 ± 2.5	< 0.001
Feelings of depression	9.2 ± 3.1	10.1 ± 2.8	0.040
Total score	48.4 ± 11.8	40.5 ± 9	< 0.001
DSQ
Maladaptive action	126.1 ± 41	120.2 ± 18.5	0.265
Image distorting	58.8 ± 21.8	52.2 ± 12.1	0.025
Self-sacrificing	39.8 ± 10.4	36 ± 10.3	0.029
Adaptive	39.3 ± 9.4	36.6 ± 7.9	0.064

Table 2. Comparison of GHQ and DSQ Scales Between the Osteonecrosis and the Control Group

Osteonecrosis group
(N = 67)

Control group
(N = 75)

P
Student’s t-test

Mean ± SD

GHQ

Somatic symptoms

11.7 ± 3.7

9.5 ± 2.6

< 0.001

Anxiety

12.7 ± 4.3

12.1 ± 3

0.321

Social dysfunction

14.9 ± 4

8.8 ± 2.5

< 0.001

Feelings of depression

9.2 ± 3.1

10.1 ± 2.8

0.040

Total score

48.4 ± 11.8

40.5 ± 9

< 0.001

DSQ

Maladaptive action

126.1 ± 41

120.2 ± 18.5

0.265

Image distorting

58.8 ± 21.8

52.2 ± 12.1

0.025

Self-sacrificing

39.8 ± 10.4

36 ± 10.3

0.029

Adaptive

39.3 ± 9.4

36.6 ± 7.9

0.064

**Table 3.** Correlations Coefficients Between GHQ and DSQ Scales in Patients With Osteonecrosis
	Somatic symptoms	Anxiety	Social dysfunction	Feelings of depression	GHQ total score	Maladaptive action	Image distorting	Self-sacrificing
P < 0.05; P < 0.01; **P < 0.001.
Anxiety	0.55***
Social dysfunction	0.50***	0.33**
Feelings of depression	0.43***	0.60***	0.49***
GHQ total score	0.80***	0.80***	0.75***	0.78***
Maladaptive action	0.02	0.25*	-0.03	0.28*	0.12
Image distorting	-0.09	0.16	-0.18	0.32*	0.02	0.70***
Self-sacrificing	0.02	0.16	-0.11	0.11	0.05	0.46***	0.50***
Adaptive	-0.09	-0.08	-0.15	-0.01	-0.11	0.43***	0.40***	0.34**

Table 3. Correlations Coefficients Between GHQ and DSQ Scales in Patients With Osteonecrosis

Somatic symptoms

Anxiety

Social dysfunction

Feelings of depression

GHQ total score

Maladaptive action

Image distorting

Self-sacrificing

*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.

Anxiety

0.55***

Social dysfunction

0.50***

0.33**

Feelings of depression

0.43***

0.60***

0.49***

GHQ total score

0.80***

0.75***

0.78***

Maladaptive action

0.02

0.25*

-0.03

0.28*

0.12

Image distorting

-0.09

0.16

-0.18

0.32*

0.02

0.70***

Self-sacrificing

0.02

0.16

-0.11

0.11

0.05

0.46***

0.50***

Adaptive

-0.09

-0.08

-0.15

-0.01

-0.11

0.43***

0.40***

0.34**

**Table 4.** Multiple Linear Regression Models for GHQ Scales: Regression Coefficients ± Standard Error
	Somatic symptoms	Anxiety	Social dysfunction	Feelings of depression	Total score
Sex
Men, reference
Women	0.21 ± 1.13	0.852	1.29 ± 1.27	0.316	-1.67 ± 1.17	0.163	-0.04 ± 0.04	0.347	-1.15 ± 3.09	0.711
Age (years)	0.02 ± 0.05	0.687	0.16 ± 0.06	0.008	0.03 ± 0.05	0.526	0.00 ± 0.01	0.693	0.30 ± 0.13	0.023
Duration of disease	0.03 ± 0.02	0.046	0.04 ± 0.05	0.424	0.03 ± 0.05	0.504	0.01 ± 0.001	0.043	0.09 ± 0.05	0.047
Multiple lesions	0.46 ± 0.93	0.625	2.0 ± 1.0	0.048	1.13 ± 0.96	0.248	0.01 ± 0.03	0.662	1.15 ± 2.54	0.652
ASA
I-II, reference
III-IV	0.35 ± 0.98	0.722	0.96 ± 1.10	0.388	0.67 ± 1.02	0.517	0.03 ± 0.01	0.049	1.38 ± 2.68	0.609
WHODASII	0.10 ± 0.02	< 0.001	0.08 ± 0.03	0.008	0.15 ± 0.03	< 0.001	0.01 ± 0.01	< 0.001	0.43 ± 0.07	< 0.001

Table 4. Multiple Linear Regression Models for GHQ Scales: Regression Coefficients ± Standard Error

Somatic symptoms

Anxiety

Social dysfunction

Feelings of depression

Total score

β ± SE*

β ± SE

Sex

Men, reference

Women

0.21 ± 1.13

0.852

1.29 ± 1.27

0.316

-1.67 ± 1.17

0.163

-0.04 ± 0.04

0.347

-1.15 ± 3.09

0.711

Age (years)

0.02 ± 0.05

0.687

0.16 ± 0.06

0.008

0.03 ± 0.05

0.526

0.00 ± 0.01

0.693

0.30 ± 0.13

0.023

Duration of disease

0.03 ± 0.02

0.046

0.04 ± 0.05

0.424

0.03 ± 0.05

0.504

0.01 ± 0.001

0.043

0.09 ± 0.05

0.047

Multiple lesions

0.46 ± 0.93

0.625

2.0 ± 1.0

0.048

1.13 ± 0.96

0.248

0.01 ± 0.03

0.662

1.15 ± 2.54

0.652

ASA

I-II, reference

III-IV

0.35 ± 0.98

0.722

0.96 ± 1.10

0.388

0.67 ± 1.02

0.517

0.03 ± 0.01

0.049

1.38 ± 2.68

0.609

WHODASII

0.10 ± 0.02

< 0.001

0.08 ± 0.03

0.008

0.15 ± 0.03

< 0.001

0.01 ± 0.01

< 0.001

0.43 ± 0.07

< 0.001

**Table 5.** Multiple Linear Regression Models for DSQ Scales: Regression Coefficients ± Standard Error
	Maladaptive action	Image distorting	Self-sacrificing	Adaptive
Sex
Men, reference
Women	13.8 ± 12.9	0.291	12.47 ± 7.47	0.102	8.26 ± 3.31	0.017	2.04 ± 2.96	0.495
Age (years)	0.75 ± 0.59	0.213	0.35 ± 0.34	0.310	0.16 ± 0.15	0.285	-0.01 ± 0.14	0.970
Duration of disease	1.16 ± 0.52	0.032	0.15 ± 0.32	0.653	0.25 ± 0.14	0.090	0.20 ± 0.12	0.095
Multiple lesions	9.95 ± 10.66	0.356	-2.81 ± 6.17	0.651	6.29 ± 2.38	0.012	6.07 ± 2.21	0.009
ASA
I-II, reference
III-IV	20.39 ± 11.36	0.080	11.69 ± 6.57	0.082	3.89 ± 2.91	0.189	-1.51 ± 2.61	0.565
WHODASII	-0.05 ± 0.28	0.861	-0.18 ± 0.16	0.274	-0.01 ± 0.06	0.365	-0.15 ± 0.06	0.022

Table 5. Multiple Linear Regression Models for DSQ Scales: Regression Coefficients ± Standard Error

Maladaptive action

Image distorting

Self-sacrificing

Adaptive

β ± SE

Sex

Men, reference

Women

13.8 ± 12.9

0.291

12.47 ± 7.47

0.102

8.26 ± 3.31

0.017

2.04 ± 2.96

0.495

Age (years)

0.75 ± 0.59

0.213

0.35 ± 0.34

0.310

0.16 ± 0.15

0.285

-0.01 ± 0.14

0.970

Duration of disease

1.16 ± 0.52

0.032

0.15 ± 0.32

0.653

0.25 ± 0.14

0.090

0.20 ± 0.12

0.095

Multiple lesions

9.95 ± 10.66

0.356

-2.81 ± 6.17

0.651

6.29 ± 2.38

0.012

6.07 ± 2.21

0.009

ASA

I-II, reference

III-IV

20.39 ± 11.36

0.080

11.69 ± 6.57

0.082

3.89 ± 2.91

0.189

-1.51 ± 2.61

0.565

WHODASII

-0.05 ± 0.28

0.861

-0.18 ± 0.16

0.274

-0.01 ± 0.06

0.365

-0.15 ± 0.06

0.022