J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 5, Number 6, December 2013, pages 426-431

Co-Infections in Children Hospitalised for Bronchiolitis: Role of Roomsharing

**Table 1.** Dyspnoea Score
	0	1	2
Adapted from Kristiansson [27].
Respiratory rate	normal < 40/min	slightly increased 40 - 60/min	clearly increased > 60/min
Oxygen saturation	≥ 95% in room air	92-94% in room air	< 92% in room air, or need for supplemental oxygen
Wheezing	none	audible with stethoscope	audible without stethoscope
Retractions	none	mild-moderate	severe
General condition	not affected: alert/quietly sleeping	moderately affected: Irritable or agitated	severely affected: lethargic, poor feeding

Table 1. Dyspnoea Score

Adapted from Kristiansson [27].

Respiratory rate

normal < 40/min

slightly increased 40 - 60/min

clearly increased > 60/min

Oxygen saturation

≥ 95% in room air

92-94% in room air

< 92% in room air, or need for supplemental oxygen

Wheezing

none

audible with stethoscope

audible without stethoscope

Retractions

none

mild-moderate

severe

General condition

not affected:
alert/quietly sleeping

moderately affected:
Irritable or agitated

severely affected:
lethargic, poor feeding

**Table 2.** Patient Characteristics
Data are presented as median and interquartile range in parentheses, or number and percentage in parentheses; Highest possible dyspnoea score 10; * all 3 patients mono-infected with RSV.
n = 48
Age, months	3.2 (1.8 - 9.7)
Male	26 (54.2%)
Birth characteristics
gestational age, weeks	38.5 (37.8 - 40.1)
preterm birth (< 37 weeks)	2 (4.2%)
birth weight, gram	3420 (3,120 - 3,740)
Environmental factors
day care attendance	16 (33.3%)
siblings	39 (81.2%)
Disease severity
length of hospitalization (days)	1.9 (1.6 - 4.0)
oxygen supplementation	30 (62.5%)
tubefeeding	20 (41.7%)
highest dyspnoea score (0-10)	3.0 (2.0 - 4.8)
mechanical ventilation	3* (6.2%)

Table 2. Patient Characteristics

Data are presented as median and interquartile range in parentheses, or number and percentage in parentheses; Highest possible dyspnoea score 10; * all 3 patients mono-infected with RSV.

n = 48

Age, months

3.2 (1.8 - 9.7)

Male

26 (54.2%)

Birth characteristics

gestational age, weeks

38.5 (37.8 - 40.1)

preterm birth (< 37 weeks)

2 (4.2%)

birth weight, gram

3420 (3,120 - 3,740)

Environmental factors

day care attendance

16 (33.3%)

siblings

39 (81.2%)

Disease severity

length of hospitalization (days)

1.9 (1.6 - 4.0)

oxygen supplementation

30 (62.5%)

tubefeeding

20 (41.7%)

highest dyspnoea score (0-10)

3.0 (2.0 - 4.8)

mechanical ventilation

3* (6.2%)

**Table 3.** Distribution of Viral Pathogens
Virus	At admission n = 48	At discharge n = 48	After discharge n = 44
Number with percentage in parentheses; RSV: Respiratory Syncytial; hMPV: human MetaPneumo Virus; RhV: Rhino Virus; CoV: Corona Virus; AdV: Adeno Virus; PIV: Parainfluenza Virus.
Mono-infections
RSV-A	7 (14.5%)	6 (12.5%)	2 (4.5%)
RSV-B	25 (52.1%)	19 (39.6%)	5 (11.4%)
hMPV	2 (4.2%)	1 (2.1%)	1 (2.3%)
RhV	3 (6.3%)	3 (.3%)	3 (6.8%)
CoV	0	2 (4.2%)	1 (2.3%)
AdV	0	0	3 (6.8%)
Co-infections
RSV-A and hMPV	1 (2.1%)	1 (2.1%)	0
RSV-B and
PIV	1 (2.1%)	0	0
AdV	0	1 (2.1%)	0
RhV	4 (8.3%)	4 (8.3%)	1 (2.3%)
CoV	1 (2.1%)	0	0
hMPV	1 (2.1%)	1 (2.1%)	0
CoV and PIV	1 (2.1%)	1 (2.1%)	0
No virus	2 (4.2%)	9 (18.8%)	28 (63.6%)

Table 3. Distribution of Viral Pathogens

Virus

At admission
n = 48

At discharge
n = 48

After discharge
n = 44

Number with percentage in parentheses; RSV: Respiratory Syncytial; hMPV: human MetaPneumo Virus; RhV: Rhino Virus; CoV: Corona Virus; AdV: Adeno Virus; PIV: Parainfluenza Virus.

Mono-infections

RSV-A

7 (14.5%)

6 (12.5%)

2 (4.5%)

RSV-B

25 (52.1%)

19 (39.6%)

5 (11.4%)

hMPV

2 (4.2%)

1 (2.1%)

1 (2.3%)

RhV

3 (6.3%)

3 (.3%)

3 (6.8%)

CoV

2 (4.2%)

1 (2.3%)

AdV

3 (6.8%)

Co-infections

RSV-A and hMPV

1 (2.1%)

RSV-B and

PIV

1 (2.1%)

AdV

1 (2.1%)

RhV

4 (8.3%)

1 (2.3%)

CoV

1 (2.1%)

hMPV

1 (2.1%)

CoV and PIV

1 (2.1%)

No virus

2 (4.2%)

9 (18.8%)

28 (63.6%)

**Table 4.** Comparison of Disease Severity Between Mono- Versus Co-Infected Patients and RSV-Infected Versus RSV-Uninfected Patients
n = 48	Mono versus co-infection	RSV-infected versus RSV-uninfected
Data are presented as median and interquartile range in parentheses, or number and percentage in parentheses as appropriate; P value: Mann-Whitney-U test for continuous variables, χ² test for dichotomous variables.
Age, months	4.3 (2.2 - 11.4)	3.2 (1.6 - 9.4)	0.413	3.3 (1.8 - 9.8)	3.0 (1.6 - 8.5)	0.740
Length of hospitalization, days	2.0 (1.7 - 3.4)	1.9 (1.2 - 4.2)	0.864	2.5 (1.6 - 4.4)	1.8 (1.2 - 1.9)	0.162
Oxygen supplementation	6 (54.6%)	24 (64.9%)	0.535	25 (62.5%)	5 (62.5%)	1.000
Tubefeeding	4 (36.4%)	16 (43.2%)	0.681	18 (45.0%)	2 (25%)	0.295
Highest dyspnoea score (0-10)	3.0 (2.0 - 4.0)	3.0 (1.5 - 5.0)	0.654	3.0 (2.0 - 5.0)	2.5 (1.0 - 4.0)	0.285
Mechanical ventilation	1 (9.1%)	2 (5.4%)	0.658	3 (7.5%)	0 (0%)	0.424

Table 4. Comparison of Disease Severity Between Mono- Versus Co-Infected Patients and RSV-Infected Versus RSV-Uninfected Patients

n = 48

Mono versus co-infection

RSV-infected versus RSV-uninfected

Co-infection
n = 11

Mono-infection
n = 37

P-value

RSV-infected
n = 40

RSV-uninfected
n = 8

P-value

Data are presented as median and interquartile range in parentheses, or number and percentage in parentheses as appropriate; P value: Mann-Whitney-U test for continuous variables, χ² test for dichotomous variables.

Age, months

4.3 (2.2 - 11.4)

3.2 (1.6 - 9.4)

0.413

3.3 (1.8 - 9.8)

3.0 (1.6 - 8.5)

0.740

Length of hospitalization, days

2.0 (1.7 - 3.4)

1.9 (1.2 - 4.2)

0.864

2.5 (1.6 - 4.4)

1.8 (1.2 - 1.9)

0.162

Oxygen supplementation

6 (54.6%)

24 (64.9%)

0.535

25 (62.5%)

5 (62.5%)

1.000

Tubefeeding

4 (36.4%)

16 (43.2%)

0.681

18 (45.0%)

2 (25%)

0.295

Highest dyspnoea score (0-10)

3.0 (2.0 - 4.0)

3.0 (1.5 - 5.0)

0.654

3.0 (2.0 - 5.0)

2.5 (1.0 - 4.0)

0.285

Mechanical ventilation

1 (9.1%)

2 (5.4%)

0.658

3 (7.5%)

0 (0%)

0.424