J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 5, Number 5, October 2013, pages 356-367

Opiate Dependence as an Independent and Interactive Risk Factor for Arterial Stiffness and Cardiovascular Ageing - A Longitudinal Study in Females

**Table 1.** Sociodemographic and Laboratory Data
Parameter	Control	Opiates	P
*: Statistics for Log Parameters Reported.
No.	37	93
No. of Studies*	117	182	0.7621
Chronologic Age	38.72 (2.64)	33.78 (0.9)	0.0260
Biometrics
Height (cm)	163.59 (1.13)	165.66 (0.64)	0.0995
Weight (kg)	67.05 (2.39)	62.56 (1.2)	0.0988
Body Mass Index (kg*m^-2)	25.09 (0.91)	22.76 (0.39)	0.0224
Tobacco
Cigarettes/Day	1.89 (1.08)	16.05 (0.98)	0.0000
Smoking-PWA-Interval (Min.)	97.19 (2.7)	51 (4.83)	0.0000
Heroin
Heroin Duration (Years)	0 (0)	12.33 (0.86)	0.0000
Heroin Dose (g)	0 (0)	0.45 (0.04)	0.0000
Heroin-Dose-Duration(g-Yrs)	0 (0)	5.28 (0.52)	0.0000
Lab Values
Cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.8 (0.19)	4.73 (0.11)	0.7697
HDL (mmol/L)	1.56 (0.11)	1.51 (0.05)	0.6797
LDL (mmol/L)	2.63 (0.17)	2.56 (0.12)	0.7855
Triglycerides (g/L)	1.17 (0.18)	1.1 (0.06)	0.6457
CRP* (g/L)	1.48 (0.33)	6.4 (2.78)	0.1826
ESR (mm/hr)	9.875 (1.53)	14.72 (1.9)	0.0498
Globulins (g/L)	29.54 (0.83)	32.63 (0.59)	0.0083
Platelets (× 10⁹/L)	305.33 (16.31)	268.67 (8.54)	0.0488
Neutrophils(× 10⁹/L)	10.51 (3.62)	8.68 (1.49)	0.5899

Table 1. Sociodemographic and Laboratory Data

Parameter

Control

Opiates

*: Statistics for Log Parameters Reported.

No.

No. of Studies*

117

182

0.7621

Chronologic Age

38.72 (2.64)

33.78 (0.9)

0.0260

Biometrics

Height (cm)

163.59 (1.13)

165.66 (0.64)

0.0995

Weight (kg)

67.05 (2.39)

62.56 (1.2)

0.0988

Body Mass Index (kg*m^-2)

25.09 (0.91)

22.76 (0.39)

0.0224

Tobacco

Cigarettes/Day

1.89 (1.08)

16.05 (0.98)

0.0000

Smoking-PWA-Interval (Min.)

97.19 (2.7)

51 (4.83)

0.0000

Heroin

Heroin Duration (Years)

0 (0)

12.33 (0.86)

0.0000

Heroin Dose (g)

0 (0)

0.45 (0.04)

0.0000

Heroin-Dose-Duration(g-Yrs)

0 (0)

5.28 (0.52)

0.0000

Lab Values

Cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.8 (0.19)

4.73 (0.11)

0.7697

HDL (mmol/L)

1.56 (0.11)

1.51 (0.05)

0.6797

LDL (mmol/L)

2.63 (0.17)

2.56 (0.12)

0.7855

Triglycerides (g/L)

1.17 (0.18)

1.1 (0.06)

0.6457

CRP* (g/L)

1.48 (0.33)

6.4 (2.78)

0.1826

ESR (mm/hr)

9.875 (1.53)

14.72 (1.9)

0.0498

Globulins (g/L)

29.54 (0.83)

32.63 (0.59)

0.0083

Platelets (× 10⁹/L)

305.33 (16.31)

268.67 (8.54)

0.0488

Neutrophils(× 10⁹/L)

10.51 (3.62)

8.68 (1.49)

0.5899

**Table 2.** Cardiovascular Data
Parameter	Control	Opiates	P
*: Statistics for Log Parameters Reported.
Operator Index	88.03 (1.11)	87.51 (0.68)	0.6848
Age Indices
RA*	43.65 (3.76)	37.29 (1.87)	0.2451
RA-CA-Difference	4.87 (2.59)	3.47 (1.46)	0.6233
RA/CA*	1.12 (0.06)	1.09 (0.04)	0.5682
Augmentation Indices
C-AP-HR75	6.27 (1.16)	5.55 (0.51)	0.5730
C-AGPH-HR75	15.27 (2.87)	15.03 (1.27)	0.9399
C-PH	35.11 (1.69)	34.92 (0.78)	0.7672
PPAmpRatio	144.86 (4.13)	144.82 (2.07)	0.9918
P-AI	69.05 (4)	68.69 (1.9)	0.9345
Pressure Indices
SP*	119.81 (2.68)	116.34 (1.06)	0.3169
DP*	70.49 (1.87)	66.71 (0.96)	0.0600
C-SP*	107.03 (2.85)	102.99 (1.13)	0.2796
C-DP*	71.92 (1.88)	68.13 (0.97)	0.0620
C-MEANP	88.05 (2.17)	84.38 (0.96)	0.0737
C-ESP	95.51 (2.6)	91.89 (1.1)	0.1323
Timing Indices
HR	69.86 (1.76)	70.14 (1.09)	0.8940
ED	330.57 (3.04)	329.15 (2.06)	0.7086
C-SVI	140.16 (5.08)	138.52 (2.7)	0.3842
C-TTI	2242.32 (75.85)	2151.28 (37.3)	0.2862
C-DTI	3035.46 (85.87)	2905.08 (37.86)	0.1088
C-DD	550.73 (20.22)	548.38 (12.83)	0.9221

Table 2. Cardiovascular Data

Parameter

Control

Opiates

*: Statistics for Log Parameters Reported.

Operator Index

88.03 (1.11)

87.51 (0.68)

0.6848

Age Indices

RA*

43.65 (3.76)

37.29 (1.87)

0.2451

RA-CA-Difference

4.87 (2.59)

3.47 (1.46)

0.6233

RA/CA*

1.12 (0.06)

1.09 (0.04)

0.5682

Augmentation Indices

C-AP-HR75

6.27 (1.16)

5.55 (0.51)

0.5730

C-AGPH-HR75

15.27 (2.87)

15.03 (1.27)

0.9399

C-PH

35.11 (1.69)

34.92 (0.78)

0.7672

PPAmpRatio

144.86 (4.13)

144.82 (2.07)

0.9918

P-AI

69.05 (4)

68.69 (1.9)

0.9345

Pressure Indices

SP*

119.81 (2.68)

116.34 (1.06)

0.3169

DP*

70.49 (1.87)

66.71 (0.96)

0.0600

C-SP*

107.03 (2.85)

102.99 (1.13)

0.2796

C-DP*

71.92 (1.88)

68.13 (0.97)

0.0620

C-MEANP

88.05 (2.17)

84.38 (0.96)

0.0737

C-ESP

95.51 (2.6)

91.89 (1.1)

0.1323

Timing Indices

69.86 (1.76)

70.14 (1.09)

0.8940

330.57 (3.04)

329.15 (2.06)

0.7086

C-SVI

140.16 (5.08)

138.52 (2.7)

0.3842

C-TTI

2242.32 (75.85)

2151.28 (37.3)

0.2862

C-DTI

3035.46 (85.87)

2905.08 (37.86)

0.1088

C-DD

550.73 (20.22)

548.38 (12.83)

0.9221

**Table 3.** Central Cardiovascular Measures Standardized Against Age and BMI
Parameter	Variable	Value	Std. Error	DF	t-value	P-value	AIC	Log Lik
All Parameters divided by CA; All parameters log transformed except C-AP-HR75 and C-AGPH-HR75; Days refers to log (Days); Opiate Status refers to drug dependent status; Dependent variable in Column 1. Regressed against interactions between log (CA), log (BMI) and dependency status; *: For technical reasons random effects for these variables were unity and patient code.
RA	Opiate. Status	-1.1387	0.5654	159	-2.0138	0.0457	254.30	-119.15
RA	BMI: Opiate. Status	0.3590	0.1771	159	2.0269	0.0443	254.30	-119.15
C-AGPH-HR75*	Opiate. Status	0.1643	0.0637	260	2.5797	0.0104	178.44	-84.22
C-AP-HR75	Opiate. Status	0.0400	0.0148	161	2.7138	0.0074	-422.44	218.22
C-SVI	Opiate. Status	-1.3100	0.6112	159	-2.1435	0.0336	323.03	-152.52
C-SVI	BMI: Opiate. Status	0.3931	0.1915	159	2.0528	0.0417	323.03	-152.52
C-SP*	Opiate. Status	-1.5297	0.6029	259	-2.5371	0.0118	-450.39	232.19
C-SP*	BMI: Opiate. Status	0.4994	0.1902	259	2.6248	0.0092	-450.39	232.19
C-DP	Opiate. Status	-2.0041	0.7374	259	-2.7177	0.0070	-262.00	138.00
C-DP	BMI: Opiate. Status	0.6435	0.2325	259	2.7679	0.0060	-262.00	138.00

Table 3. Central Cardiovascular Measures Standardized Against Age and BMI

Parameter

Variable

Value

Std. Error

t-value

P-value

AIC

Log Lik

All Parameters divided by CA; All parameters log transformed except C-AP-HR75 and C-AGPH-HR75; Days refers to log (Days); Opiate Status refers to drug dependent status; Dependent variable in Column 1. Regressed against interactions between log (CA), log (BMI) and dependency status; *: For technical reasons random effects for these variables were unity and patient code.

Opiate. Status

-1.1387

0.5654

159

-2.0138

0.0457

254.30

-119.15

BMI: Opiate. Status

0.3590

0.1771

159

2.0269

0.0443

254.30

-119.15

C-AGPH-HR75*

Opiate. Status

0.1643

0.0637

260

2.5797

0.0104

178.44

-84.22

C-AP-HR75

Opiate. Status

0.0400

0.0148

161

2.7138

0.0074

-422.44

218.22

C-SVI

Opiate. Status

-1.3100

0.6112

159

-2.1435

0.0336

323.03

-152.52

C-SVI

BMI: Opiate. Status

0.3931

0.1915

159

2.0528

0.0417

323.03

-152.52

C-SP*

Opiate. Status

-1.5297

0.6029

259

-2.5371

0.0118

-450.39

232.19

C-SP*

BMI: Opiate. Status

0.4994

0.1902

259

2.6248

0.0092

-450.39

232.19

C-DP

Opiate. Status

-2.0041

0.7374

259

-2.7177

0.0070

-262.00

138.00

C-DP

BMI: Opiate. Status

0.6435

0.2325

259

2.7679

0.0060

-262.00

138.00

**Table 4.** Final Multivariate Model for Log (RA/CA)
Parameter	Value	Std. Error	DF	t-value	P-value
SP	1.5958	0.2782	77	5.7353	0.0000
Days: H. Dose: H. Dura. n: CRP	-0.3689	0.0834	77	-4.4213	0.0000
Days: H. Dose: H. Dura. n: Cigarettes: CRP	0.0149	0.0034	77	4.3597	0.0000
Days: H. Dose: H. Dura. n: BMI: CRP	0.1205	0.0274	77	4.3977	0.0000
Days: H. Dose: H. Dura. n: Cigarettes: BMI: CRP	-0.0049	0.0011	77	-4.3208	0.0000
Days: Cigarettes	0.1847	0.0434	77	4.2569	0.0001
Days: Cigarettes: BMI	-0.0579	0.0138	77	-4.2058	0.0001
Days: Cigarettes: CRP	-0.0498	0.0122	77	-4.0976	0.0001
Days: Cigarettes: BMI: CRP	0.0162	0.0039	77	4.1599	0.0001
Days	-2.8302	0.7264	77	-3.8964	0.0002
H. Dose: H. Dura. n: Cigarettes: CRP	-0.0876	0.0228	77	-3.8454	0.0002
H. Dose: H. Dura. n: Cigarettes: BMI: CRP	0.0297	0.0076	77	3.9090	0.0002
Days: H. Dura. n	0.1886	0.0500	77	3.7690	0.0003
Days: BMI	0.8776	0.2298	77	3.8191	0.0003
Days: H. Dura. n: BMI	-0.0589	0.0157	77	-3.7608	0.0003
Days: H. Dose: CRP	2.5007	0.6759	77	3.6997	0.0004
Days: H. Dose: BMI: CRP	-0.8054	0.2173	77	-3.7070	0.0004
Minutes. Since. Cigarette = 120	2.0219	0.5760	77	3.5101	0.0008
Height	-0.0182	0.0056	77	-3.2292	0.0018
H. Dose: H. Dura. n: Cigarettes: BMI	-0.0440	0.0139	77	-3.1570	0.0023
H. Dose: H. Dura. n: Cigarettes	0.1305	0.0422	77	3.0947	0.0027
Cigarettes: BMI	-0.0080	0.0027	77	-3.0058	0.0036
H. Dose: H. Dura. n: BMI: CRP	-0.4659	0.1562	77	-2.9818	0.0038
Days: H. Dura. n: Cigarettes	-0.0079	0.0027	77	-2.9509	0.0042
Days: H. Dura. n: Cigarettes: BMI	0.0024	0.0008	77	2.9358	0.0044
H. Dose: H. Dura. n: CRP	1.3888	0.4748	77	2.9248	0.0045
Days: H. Dose: Cigarettes	-0.2159	0.0829	77	-2.6031	0.0111
HDL	-0.3307	0.1266	62	-2.6127	0.0113
H. Dose: Cigarettes: BMI	0.2675	0.1037	77	2.5808	0.0118
Days: H. Dose: Cigarettes: BMI	0.0697	0.0273	77	2.5496	0.0128
H. Dose: H. Dura. n: BMI	0.6719	0.2645	77	2.5407	0.0131
H. Dose: Cigarettes: BMI: CRP	-0.1300	0.0514	77	-2.5294	0.0135
H. Dose: Cigarettes: CRP	0.3834	0.1542	77	2.4867	0.0151
H. Dose: H. Dura. n	-1.9913	0.8027	77	-2.4808	0.0153
H. Dose: Cigarettes	-0.7700	0.3141	77	-2.4517	0.0165
Minutes. Since. Cigarette = Non-Smoker	-0.3387	0.1431	77	-2.3665	0.0205
H. Dose: BMI	-0.3108	0.1350	77	-2.3020	0.0240
Days: H. Dose	3.4102	1.5421	77	2.2114	0.0300
Days: H. Dose: BMI	-1.0954	0.5098	77	-2.1487	0.0348
Minutes. Since. Cigarette = 180	0.7860	0.3825	77	2.0550	0.0433

Table 4. Final Multivariate Model for Log (RA/CA)

Parameter

Value

Std. Error

t-value

P-value

1.5958

0.2782

5.7353

0.0000

Days: H. Dose: H. Dura. n: CRP

-0.3689

0.0834

-4.4213

0.0000

Days: H. Dose: H. Dura. n: Cigarettes: CRP

0.0149

0.0034

4.3597

0.0000

Days: H. Dose: H. Dura. n: BMI: CRP

0.1205

0.0274

4.3977

0.0000

Days: H. Dose: H. Dura. n: Cigarettes: BMI: CRP

-0.0049

0.0011

-4.3208

0.0000

Days: Cigarettes

0.1847

0.0434

4.2569

0.0001

Days: Cigarettes: BMI

-0.0579

0.0138

-4.2058

0.0001

Days: Cigarettes: CRP

-0.0498

0.0122

-4.0976

0.0001

Days: Cigarettes: BMI: CRP

0.0162

0.0039

4.1599

0.0001

Days

-2.8302

0.7264

-3.8964

0.0002

H. Dose: H. Dura. n: Cigarettes: CRP

-0.0876

0.0228

-3.8454

0.0002

H. Dose: H. Dura. n: Cigarettes: BMI: CRP

0.0297

0.0076

3.9090

0.0002

Days: H. Dura. n

0.1886

0.0500

3.7690

0.0003

Days: BMI

0.8776

0.2298

3.8191

0.0003

Days: H. Dura. n: BMI

-0.0589

0.0157

-3.7608

0.0003

Days: H. Dose: CRP

2.5007

0.6759

3.6997

0.0004

Days: H. Dose: BMI: CRP

-0.8054

0.2173

-3.7070

0.0004

Minutes. Since. Cigarette = 120

2.0219

0.5760

3.5101

0.0008

Height

-0.0182

0.0056

-3.2292

0.0018

H. Dose: H. Dura. n: Cigarettes: BMI

-0.0440

0.0139

-3.1570

0.0023

H. Dose: H. Dura. n: Cigarettes

0.1305

0.0422

3.0947

0.0027

Cigarettes: BMI

-0.0080

0.0027

-3.0058

0.0036

H. Dose: H. Dura. n: BMI: CRP

-0.4659

0.1562

-2.9818

0.0038

Days: H. Dura. n: Cigarettes

-0.0079

0.0027

-2.9509

0.0042

Days: H. Dura. n: Cigarettes: BMI

0.0024

0.0008

2.9358

0.0044

H. Dose: H. Dura. n: CRP

1.3888

0.4748

2.9248

0.0045

Days: H. Dose: Cigarettes

-0.2159

0.0829

-2.6031

0.0111

HDL

-0.3307

0.1266

-2.6127

0.0113

H. Dose: Cigarettes: BMI

0.2675

0.1037

2.5808

0.0118

Days: H. Dose: Cigarettes: BMI

0.0697

0.0273

2.5496

0.0128

H. Dose: H. Dura. n: BMI

0.6719

0.2645

2.5407

0.0131

H. Dose: Cigarettes: BMI: CRP

-0.1300

0.0514

-2.5294

0.0135

H. Dose: Cigarettes: CRP

0.3834

0.1542

2.4867

0.0151

H. Dose: H. Dura. n

-1.9913

0.8027

-2.4808

0.0153

H. Dose: Cigarettes

-0.7700

0.3141

-2.4517

0.0165

Minutes. Since. Cigarette = Non-Smoker

-0.3387

0.1431

-2.3665

0.0205

H. Dose: BMI

-0.3108

0.1350

-2.3020

0.0240

Days: H. Dose

3.4102

1.5421

2.2114

0.0300

Days: H. Dose: BMI

-1.0954

0.5098

-2.1487

0.0348

Minutes. Since. Cigarette = 180

0.7860

0.3825

2.0550

0.0433